🧭

Smart City Topics

Evidence-led guides that connect definitions, analysis and documented projects across the atlas.

A topic guide explains one subject across cities — what the technology actually is, what the documented record supports, and the questions to ask before buying it. For the complete computed sets — every failure, every evidence grade, every operator — see the track record; for a reading order through hand-picked entries, take a curated tour.

Getting around

How people and vehicles move — the biggest slice of the atlas, from adaptive signals to driverless metros.

London 🚌 Public transport From Medellín's hillside cable cars to Nairobi's crowd-mapped minibuses: how cities are extending public transport to the neighbourhoods formal networks miss. 252 documented projects · 140 cities · 1976–2026 · 45 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 25 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🚦 Traffic management Adaptive traffic signals, city brains, congestion pricing and access control compared across 50+ documented city projects — including what the evidence supports. 153 documented projects · 104 cities · 1975–2026 · 27 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 12 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 💷 Congestion pricing What congestion pricing is, whether it reduces traffic, how cities design it and what makes it fair — with documented examples from Singapore to New York. 20 documented projects · 17 cities · 1976–2025 · 7 graded independent or peer-reviewed Read the guide → 🎫 Smart ticketing From Hong Kong's Octopus to open-loop bank cards in Sofia and Milan: documented transit ticketing systems on six continents, what they cost to migrate, and why adoption is the hard part. 111 documented projects · 87 cities · 1997–2026 · 19 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 9 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🚲 Cycling How cities use data to grow cycling: bike counters, green waves, AI sensors, theft registers and geofences — with graded evidence and failures from 30 cities. 52 documented projects · 44 cities · 2007–2024 · 2 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 7 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🅿️ Smart parking Why most first-generation parking sensor networks were switched off, what SFpark's 43% figure really covers, and how cities price, permit and enforce the kerb — 20 documented projects. 44 documented projects · 40 cities · 2009–2026 · 1 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 5 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🛴 Shared mobility Autolib', Bycyklen and Whim worked and shut down anyway. What the documented bike-share, scooter and MaaS projects show about contracts, deficits and regulation. 69 documented projects · 55 cities · 2003–2026 · 6 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 13 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🚗 Autonomous vehicles Driverless metros carry millions daily while street shuttles still pilot. 25 documented projects show where autonomy works, where it stalls, and how thin the evidence is. 79 documented projects · 52 cities · 1981–2026 · 7 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 11 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🔋 EV & charging What cities actually decide about EV charging: kerbside versus depot, who is awarded the tender, what a charge costs the driver, and the utilisation figures operators rarely publish. 28 documented projects · 25 cities · 2007–2024 · 3 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 4 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🚁 Drones & air mobility What drones actually do in cities: mapping floods and property, patrolling boundaries, and the delivery networks that scale only when an aviation regulator says so. 15 documented projects · 15 cities · 2015–2025 · 1 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 1 failed or scaled back Read the guide →

Water, energy and waste

The networked utilities: what a city pumps, powers, lights and collects.

Cape Town 💧 Water Non-revenue water compared across Singapore, Hong Kong, Istanbul and Dubai, what smart meters do and don't deliver, and how cities sense floods — 30 documented projects. 121 documented projects · 101 cities · 1975–2026 · 20 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 8 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🔌 Smart grid & energy How cities build smart grids in four layers, what independent evidence supports, and where districts stall — across 30+ documented projects from Chattanooga to Shanghai. 92 documented projects · 65 cities · 1981–2026 · 10 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 8 failed or scaled back Read the guide → ☀️ Solar & PV What cities actually do about solar: solar-potential maps, panel rental, buy-back tariffs, net metering and the grid connection that decides it — graded evidence from documented projects. 35 documented projects · 29 cities · 2000–2023 · 6 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 5 failed or scaled back Read the guide → ⚗️ Hydrogen From a wind-to-hydrogen e-fuel plant in Patagonia to a purpose-built hydrogen town outside Tokyo: three real pilots testing hydrogen as an urban energy carrier. 3 documented projects · 3 cities · 2018–2024 Read the guide → 💡 Smart lighting LED retrofits cut street-lighting energy 50–70% across 21 documented city programmes. What smart poles really save, how PPPs finance it, and where trust breaks down. 44 documented projects · 44 cities · 2009–2026 · 4 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 5 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🗑️ Waste & recycling Fill-level sensors, pay-as-you-throw charging, pneumatic pipes and GPS fleets compared across 25 documented city projects — including what has never been audited. 37 documented projects · 35 cities · 1992–2026 · 5 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 3 failed or scaled back Read the guide → ♻️ Circular economy Weighing bins, metered landfill gates, waste-heat markets, material passports and registered waste pickers — what the documented record shows about circular-economy projects in cities. 20 documented projects · 19 cities · 1992–2024 · 4 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 2 failed or scaled back Read the guide →

Climate, health and the street

Where cities measure their environment — and what a reading is allowed to trigger.

Ahmedabad 🌊 Flood resilience Osaka's gates close themselves, Bangkok's crews still work the pumps, Manila's dykes became a corruption case. 29 documented flood projects, and what each reading is allowed to do. 59 documented projects · 54 cities · 1975–2026 · 9 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 2 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🌡️ Heat & cooling How 29 documented projects in 24 cities measure and manage heat — cooling schoolyards, heat alerts and district heating. Only 2 carry peer-reviewed evidence. 31 documented projects · 26 cities · 2006–2025 · 5 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 1 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🌫️ Air quality How cities track and act on air pollution: automated low-emission zones, AI-tuned traffic lights and citizen-funded sensor networks — with real examples. 85 documented projects · 62 cities · 1951–2025 · 37 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 5 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🏥 Health & care Telemedicine, heat officers, elder care and bathing-water thresholds across 23 documented projects — including the seven with peer-reviewed evaluations, and what they found. 37 documented projects · 29 cities · 1986–2025 · 18 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 4 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🏞️ Public space How cities reclaim, count and watch public space: superblocks, pedestrian counters and camera networks across 28 documented projects — six of them cut back. 35 documented projects · 26 cities · 2009–2025 · 6 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 7 failed or scaled back Read the guide →

The data layer

The plumbing behind everything else: sensor networks, registers and models — and the districts where cities test the whole stack at once.

Helsinki 📡 Sensors & IoT The single most common thread across smart city projects worldwide: what city-scale sensor networks are actually for, and what happens when they overreach. 539 documented projects · 191 cities · 1951–2026 · 101 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 45 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 📻 LoRaWAN Municipal low-power radio networks: who builds them, what they actually carry, why small towns use them most — and the case where the standard outlived its credibility. 18 documented projects · 15 cities · 2017–2026 · 3 graded independent or peer-reviewed Read the guide → 📶 Connectivity & 5G Municipal dark fibre, utility broadband, neutral hosts and ad-funded kiosks compared across 32 documented city projects — and what the evidence supports. 65 documented projects · 53 cities · 1994–2026 · 8 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 6 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 📊 Open data How cities publish open data, what "open" actually means from Vienna to Shanghai to Beijing, what the evidence supports — and why data marketplaces failed. 234 documented projects · 98 cities · 1951–2026 · 51 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 20 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🪞 Digital twin What makes an urban digital twin, how cities use them, and what the evidence shows — with documented projects from Singapore, Tokyo, Seoul and Rotterdam. 33 documented projects · 27 cities · 2005–2026 · 2 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 1 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🗺️ GIS & cadastre How cities map property, addresses and public assets as registers: 61 documented projects in 52 cities — and why 31 of them state no impact figure at all. 68 documented projects · 59 cities · 1990–2026 · 8 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 4 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🤖 Artificial intelligence What does AI actually do in cities? The four jobs — watching, sorting, forecasting, scheduling — and where it failed, across 40+ documented projects. 123 documented projects · 77 cities · 1984–2026 · 21 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 12 failed or scaled back Read the guide → 🏘️ Smart districts Documented smart districts from Songdo to Aspern: shared energy grids, platforms and testbeds — and why so few of them state a measured impact figure at all. 38 documented projects · 30 cities · 2000–2026 · 8 graded independent or peer-reviewed · 7 failed or scaled back Read the guide →

Government, participation and watching

Digital government, who takes part in it — and who is allowed to check the cameras.

The six categories

A topic is a thread that runs across the atlas, and a project can carry several. A category is the one domain each project belongs to, so these six cover the corpus exactly once.