1001 Smart Cities
🇨🇳 Beijing

Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area (Yizhuang)

🤖 AI-generated summary · ◆ 11 sourced claims · 🔎 Last verified

This overview was generated with AI from the public sources listed below and checked against them before publication. It has not had a complete human fact-check — treat it as a starting point and follow the sources.

11 sourced claims on this page, none individually verified yet — turn on “Sources in the text” to see each one.

How this atlas is made · What “last verified” means · What “source-checked” means · The full record behind this page

Beijing wired Yizhuang's intersections with lidar, radar and AI cameras so cars read the road through the street itself. Since April 2026 a nationwide permit freeze has blocked fleet expansion.

Outcome🔄 Ongoing
Evidence🏛️ Official
what does this mean?The strongest source is the operator's or the city's own reporting — an official report, dataset or press release. It grades who did the looking — not how well the project went. All four grades →
Run byBeijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area office, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area; fleets run by Baidu Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide
Scale🏘️ District

Part of 1001 Smart Cities — 1,167 documented projects · 🏙️ 10 more in Beijing · 🚗 Autonomous vehicles guide · 🚲 Mobility projects

Beijing began wiring Yizhuang for autonomous driving in September 2020, fitting intersections with lidar, radar and AI cameras so vehicles read the road through roadside infrastructure as well as their own sensors; coverage now spans 600 square kilometres across Yizhuang, Tongzhou and Shunyi. Paid robotaxi service opened in November 2021, permits first allowed no driver at the wheel in April 2022, and Baidu won the city's first fully driverless paid permit in March 2023. Since April 2026 a nationwide freeze on new autonomous-driving permits has blocked fleet expansion, though existing Beijing services keep running.

Live 📅 since 2020 🤖 Uses AI

📊 Impact

The city reports 38 million kilometres of cumulative autonomous test mileage, 35 test companies and 1,098 test licence plates as of June 2025 — its own figures, from its own zone. What the same papers show is how far the label has travelled ahead of the practice: the November 2021 paid permits covered 67 vehicles on 350 km of road; the April 2022 'driverless' permits covered 14 vehicles that still carried a safety supervisor in the front passenger seat; the first genuinely unattended paid permit, in March 2023, covered ten. The airport route opened in 2024 runs with a safety operator in the driver's seat. And the build-out is a plan, not a fact: the 600 km² is a 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in two outer districts, with 1,115 intersections fitted, while the 3,000 km² is an announced target.

🎓 Lesson

Read the seat, not the permit. Beijing has issued four different approvals that the word 'driverless' would cover, and each one names a different arrangement — a paid service with a driver, a paid service with a supervisor moved to the passenger seat, ten cars with nobody aboard, and an airport route that put the operator back behind the wheel. The city's own headline figure is test mileage, which measures how much driving was done, not how much of it was unattended. And the whole programme sits under a national permit regime: after more than a hundred robotaxis froze at once in another city, new permits stopped nationwide with no stated end date, and no amount of municipal roadside lidar changed that.

🚲 MobilityAutonomous vehiclesSensors & IoTTraffic managementConnectivity & 5GArtificial intelligence

Sources

↗ Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)Published 23 June 2025Primary. States the zone was launched in September 2020, 600 km2 of intelligent roadside infrastructure, 38 million cumulative autonomous km, 35 test companies, 1,098 test plates. Self-reported.
↗ Beijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21)Published 21 October 2024Primary. Breaks the 600 km2 into the 60 km2 Yizhuang core plus 440 km2 in Tongzhou and Shunyi, cites 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment, and frames the ~3,000 km2 build-out as a plan, not built.
↗ China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)Published 25 November 2021Dates the first paid robotaxi permits (Baidu and Pony.ai) to 25 November 2021, in a 60 km2 area with 350 km of roads and 67 vehicles. State-linked outlet.
↗ China Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29)Published 29 April 202228 April 2022: 14 vehicles allowed to carry passengers with no operator behind the wheel, but a safety supervisor still in the front passenger seat.
↗ Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)Published 17 March 2023Operator claim: 17 March 2023, 10 vehicles cleared to carry paying passengers in Yizhuang with no driver or safety operator aboard. Vendor source.
Show 3 more sourcesShow fewer
↗ Beijing Municipal Government (English) — Paid robotaxi services at Daxing International Airport (2024-07-02)Published 2 July 2024Pony.ai's ~40 km airport route, including expressway at 120 km/h, runs with a safety operator in the driver's seat.
↗ Beijing Municipal Government — the municipal Autonomous Vehicle RegulationPublished 1 January 2025Article of 1 January 2025 on the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation passed 31 December 2024 and effective 1 April 2025: a 48-article law covering L3+ personal cars, buses, taxis, freight and municipal service vehicles after testing and safety assessment.
↗ CnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29)Published 29 April 2026Counterweight. After more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis froze simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026, regulators stopped issuing new autonomous-driving permits nationwide, with no stated end date. Existing services were not shut down.

📅 How old is the evidence?

Two clocks, kept apart: when this entry’s sources were published, and what has happened to its record in the atlas. Documented span: since 2020. 8 of 8 sources carry a publication date, from 25 November 2021 to 29 April 2026.

When the sources were published

  1. China Daily · pressChina Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)
  2. China Daily · pressChina Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29)
  3. Baidu · operatorBaidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)
  4. Beijing Municipal Government · city governmentBeijing Municipal Government (English) — Paid robotaxi services at Daxing International Airport (2024-07-02)
  5. Beijing Municipal Government · city governmentBeijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21)
  6. Beijing Municipal Government · city governmentBeijing Municipal Government — the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation
  7. Beijing Municipal Government · city governmentBeijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)
  8. CnEVPost · pressCnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29)

Every source, with links ↑

What happened to this record

  1. Sources last read
  2. Entered the record

Every revision, permanent →

Show your work What this page rests on and what it can’t tell you · all 11 claims with their sources · the forensic record

Evidence Passport · public beta 11 addressable claims, 8 source dossiers, one permanent baseline. The passport is unreviewed — an AI-assisted structural migration, not a human or expert endorsement. Every revision keeps a permanent copy under revision history.

Inspect the claims, one by one — verbatim text, sources and caveats for all 11

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-f4be6789e24f63c0 quantitative
Beijing began wiring Yizhuang for autonomous driving in September 2020, fitting intersections with lidar, radar and AI cameras so vehicles read the road through roadside infrastructure as well as their own sensors; coverage now spans 600 square kilometres across Yizhuang, Tongzhou and Shunyi
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The city's own account dates the zone to September 2020 and gives 600 km² of intelligent roadside infrastructure; the 2024 page breaks that into a 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in Tongzhou and Shunyi, with 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)
  2. Beijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21)
Claim 2 clm-a8fa3f8ad0ea2437 quantitative
Paid robotaxi service opened in November 2021, permits first allowed no driver at the wheel in April 2022, and Baidu won the city's first fully driverless paid permit in March 2023
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
China Daily dates the first paid permits to 25 November 2021 and the first no-driver permits to 28 April 2022 (with a safety supervisor in the front passenger seat); Baidu's own release dates the first fully driverless paid permit to 17 March 2023.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)
  2. China Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29)
  3. Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)
Claim 3 clm-9f436155e7d046ff quantitative
Since April 2026 a nationwide freeze on new autonomous-driving permits has blocked fleet expansion, though existing Beijing services keep running
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
CnEVPost, 29 April 2026: after more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis froze simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026, regulators stopped issuing new autonomous-driving permits nationwide with no stated end date; existing services were not shut down.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. CnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29)
Claim 4 clm-c0db4422248ebb86 quantitative
The city reports 38 million kilometres of cumulative autonomous test mileage, 35 test companies and 1,098 test licence plates as of June 2025 — its own figures, from its own zone
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The Beijing municipal government's own page of 23 June 2025 states 38 million cumulative autonomous kilometres, 35 test companies and 1,098 test plates.
Caveat
Self-reported by the authority that runs the zone; no independent audit of the mileage has been published.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)
Claim 5 clm-2fe60a3b7cb3ecb9 quantitative
the November 2021 paid permits covered 67 vehicles on 350 km of road
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
China Daily, 25 November 2021: the first paid robotaxi permits (Baidu and Pony.ai) covered a 60 km² area with 350 km of roads and 67 vehicles.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)
Claim 6 clm-b3c4a2ad4f9da2eb quantitative
the April 2022 'driverless' permits covered 14 vehicles that still carried a safety supervisor in the front passenger seat; the first genuinely unattended paid permit, in March 2023, covered ten
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
China Daily, 29 April 2022: 14 vehicles allowed to carry passengers with no operator behind the wheel, but a safety supervisor still in the front passenger seat. Baidu's release: 10 vehicles cleared on 17 March 2023 to carry paying passengers with no driver or safety operator aboard.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. China Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29)
  2. Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)
Claim 7 clm-b07fd6a3fcb002c1 quantitative
The airport route opened in 2024 runs with a safety operator in the driver's seat
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The city's English page of 2 July 2024 on Pony.ai's roughly 40 km Daxing airport route, including expressway running at 120 km/h, states that a safety operator sits in the driver's seat.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government (English) — Paid robotaxi services at Daxing International Airport (2024-07-02)
Claim 8 clm-66b37ef73c25dcac quantitative
the 600 km² is a 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in two outer districts, with 1,115 intersections fitted, while the 3,000 km² is an announced target
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The city's page of 21 October 2024 breaks the 600 km² into the 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in Tongzhou and Shunyi, cites 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment, and frames the roughly 3,000 km² build-out as a plan.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21)
Claim 9 clm-b4538f555f741031 descriptive
Beijing has issued four different approvals that the word 'driverless' would cover, and each one names a different arrangement
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The four permits documented here are: paid service with a driver (November 2021), paid service with the supervisor moved to the passenger seat (April 2022), ten vehicles with nobody aboard (March 2023), and an airport route with the operator back in the driver's seat (2024).
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)
  2. China Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29)
  3. Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)
  4. Beijing Municipal Government (English) — Paid robotaxi services at Daxing International Airport (2024-07-02)
Claim 10 clm-d1c4a0e38614208f descriptive
The city's own headline figure is test mileage, which measures how much driving was done, not how much of it was unattended
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The municipal page leads with 38 million cumulative autonomous kilometres and gives no breakdown by whether a safety operator was aboard.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)
Claim 11 clm-deac9a4583c69374 descriptive
after more than a hundred robotaxis froze at once in another city, new permits stopped nationwide with no stated end date
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
CnEVPost reports more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis freezing simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026 and regulators halting new autonomous-driving permits nationwide with no stated end date.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. CnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29)
Forensic record — source dossiers, gaps, hashes and the exact revision this page renders

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-08-27-p1-quality-uplift effective 2026-07-26 · created 2026-08-27

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

Erratum on this revision's envelope. The snapshot, its hash and its permanent link are untouched.

  • createdAt previously read 2026-08-28T01:30:00Z. The batching script that produced this revision advanced createdAt into the future to satisfy the strictly-increasing order the validator requires per entity. The value never recorded a real event; the corrected value is the moment the revision provably existed in the repository. Corrected to 2026-08-27T00:14:45Z on 2026-08-27; evidence: first appears in commit 4565ba19f5, committed 2026-08-27T00:14:45Z.
sha256:af4fa308ffb22ce52ac81dc8da159f18e1715b7504f5c56e9db5957ae2803db5
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
11
of 11 claims mapped
8
source dossiers
8
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area office, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area; fleets run by Baidu Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide
Actor types
city-government, private
Funding model
mixed
Funding description
Not recorded
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

8 source dossiers

Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23) beijing.gov.cn · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-421c1740076f240c
Publisher
Name not classified · beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-06-23
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Primary. States the zone was launched in September 2020, 600 km2 of intelligent roadside infrastructure, 38 million cumulative autonomous km, 35 test companies, 1,098 test plates. Self-reported.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21) beijing.gov.cn · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a926dafb0acdaca8
Publisher
Name not classified · beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-10-21
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Primary. Breaks the 600 km2 into the 60 km2 Yizhuang core plus 440 km2 in Tongzhou and Shunyi, cites 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment, and frames the ~3,000 km2 build-out as a plan, not built.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25) chinadaily.com.cn · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-370431b163468621
Publisher
Name not classified · chinadaily.com.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-11-25
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Dates the first paid robotaxi permits (Baidu and Pony.ai) to 25 November 2021, in a 60 km2 area with 350 km of roads and 67 vehicles. State-linked outlet.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
China Daily — Beijing approves nation's first driverless robotaxi permits (2022-04-29) global.chinadaily.com.cn · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8cd5fe23643edaa4
Publisher
Name not classified · global.chinadaily.com.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-04-29
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

28 April 2022: 14 vehicles allowed to carry passengers with no operator behind the wheel, but a safety supervisor still in the front passenger seat.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17) prnewswire.com · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-68cd8cab23455680
Publisher
Name not classified · prnewswire.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-03-17
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Operator claim: 17 March 2023, 10 vehicles cleared to carry paying passengers in Yizhuang with no driver or safety operator aboard. Vendor source.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Government (English) — Paid robotaxi services at Daxing International Airport (2024-07-02) english.beijing.gov.cn · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-864921ee83c67d26
Publisher
Name not classified · english.beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-07-02
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Pony.ai's ~40 km airport route, including expressway at 120 km/h, runs with a safety operator in the driver's seat.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Government — the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation beijing.gov.cn · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a170f02e4adff96f
Publisher
Name not classified · beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-01-01
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Article of 1 January 2025 on the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation passed 31 December 2024 and effective 1 April 2025: a 48-article law covering L3+ personal cars, buses, taxis, freight and municipal service vehicles after testing and safety assessment.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
CnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29) cnevpost.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-e69ab306214dad7d
Publisher
Name not classified · cnevpost.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-04-29
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Counterweight. After more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis froze simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026, regulators stopped issuing new autonomous-driving permits nationwide, with no stated end date. Existing services were not shut down.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this passport
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.

Continue exploring

Compare this project

🇨🇳 Lin-gang L4 autonomous-driving and robotaxi zone · Shanghai China's two AV zones: Beijing wired Yizhuang from 2020 and sold rides in 2021; Lin-gang's first paid driverless rides came 2025. 🇨🇳 Robotaxi Geo-Fenced Commercial Testbed · Guangzhou Two Chinese robotaxi hubs, different bets: Beijing fitted 600 km2 of roadside sensors; Guangzhou licensed the cars themselves. 🇦🇪 RTA Driverless Robotaxis · Dubai Baidu's Apollo Go won Beijing's first fully driverless permit in 2023; by 2026 it was carrying paying riders in Dubai.

Explore the wider context

🚦 Asphalt or algorithms📖 Adaptive traffic signals📖 Automated speed enforcement (speed cameras)📖 Integrated command and control centre (ICCC)
📎 Cite this project

1001 Smart Cities (2026). “Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area (Yizhuang)” — Beijing, China. The Smart City Atlas. https://1001smartcities.org/projects/beijing-autonomous-driving-zone/ (last verified 2026-07-26). Data: CC BY 4.0.

The underlying data is free to reuse with attribution — see the open data page.

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