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  "id": "beijing-autonomous-driving-zone",
  "title": "Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area (Yizhuang)",
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     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2020,
      "ended": null
     }
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Area office, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area; fleets run by Baidu Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide",
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      "text": "Beijing began wiring Yizhuang for autonomous driving in September 2020, fitting intersections with lidar, radar and AI cameras so vehicles read the road through roadside infrastructure as well as their own sensors; coverage now spans 600 square kilometres across Yizhuang, Tongzhou and Shunyi",
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      "supportNote": "The city's own account dates the zone to September 2020 and gives 600 km² of intelligent roadside infrastructure; the 2024 page breaks that into a 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in Tongzhou and Shunyi, with 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Paid robotaxi service opened in November 2021, permits first allowed no driver at the wheel in April 2022, and Baidu won the city's first fully driverless paid permit in March 2023",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily dates the first paid permits to 25 November 2021 and the first no-driver permits to 28 April 2022 (with a safety supervisor in the front passenger seat); Baidu's own release dates the first fully driverless paid permit to 17 March 2023.",
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      "text": "Since April 2026 a nationwide freeze on new autonomous-driving permits has blocked fleet expansion, though existing Beijing services keep running",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "The city reports 38 million kilometres of cumulative autonomous test mileage, 35 test companies and 1,098 test licence plates as of June 2025 — its own figures, from its own zone",
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      "text": "the November 2021 paid permits covered 67 vehicles on 350 km of road",
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      "text": "the April 2022 'driverless' permits covered 14 vehicles that still carried a safety supervisor in the front passenger seat; the first genuinely unattended paid permit, in March 2023, covered ten",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily, 29 April 2022: 14 vehicles allowed to carry passengers with no operator behind the wheel, but a safety supervisor still in the front passenger seat. Baidu's release: 10 vehicles cleared on 17 March 2023 to carry paying passengers with no driver or safety operator aboard.",
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      "text": "The airport route opened in 2024 runs with a safety operator in the driver's seat",
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      "supportNote": "The city's English page of 2 July 2024 on Pony.ai's roughly 40 km Daxing airport route, including expressway running at 120 km/h, states that a safety operator sits in the driver's seat.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the 600 km² is a 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in two outer districts, with 1,115 intersections fitted, while the 3,000 km² is an announced target",
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      "supportNote": "The city's page of 21 October 2024 breaks the 600 km² into the 60 km² Yizhuang core plus 440 km² in Tongzhou and Shunyi, cites 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment, and frames the roughly 3,000 km² build-out as a plan.",
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      "text": "Beijing has issued four different approvals that the word 'driverless' would cover, and each one names a different arrangement",
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      "supportNote": "The four permits documented here are: paid service with a driver (November 2021), paid service with the supervisor moved to the passenger seat (April 2022), ten vehicles with nobody aboard (March 2023), and an airport route with the operator back in the driver's seat (2024).",
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      "text": "The city's own headline figure is test mileage, which measures how much driving was done, not how much of it was unattended",
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      "supportNote": "The municipal page leads with 38 million cumulative autonomous kilometres and gives no breakdown by whether a safety operator was aboard.",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "after more than a hundred robotaxis froze at once in another city, new permits stopped nationwide with no stated end date",
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      "supportNote": "CnEVPost reports more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis freezing simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026 and regulators halting new autonomous-driving permits nationwide with no stated end date.",
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      "id": "src-421c1740076f240c",
      "title": "Beijing Municipal Government — Beijing's autonomous driving accelerates globally (2025-06-23)",
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      "title": "Beijing Municipal Government — Demonstration zone to expand to 3,000 km2 (2024-10-21)",
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       "value": "Primary. Breaks the 600 km2 into the 60 km2 Yizhuang core plus 440 km2 in Tongzhou and Shunyi, cites 1,115 intersections fitted with roadside equipment, and frames the ~3,000 km2 build-out as a plan, not built.",
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      "title": "China Daily — Baidu gets approval for commercialized autonomous vehicle service in Beijing (2021-11-25)",
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       "value": "Dates the first paid robotaxi permits (Baidu and Pony.ai) to 25 November 2021, in a 60 km2 area with 350 km of roads and 67 vehicles. State-linked outlet.",
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      "title": "Baidu press release — First permit for fully driverless ride-hailing in Beijing (2023-03-17)",
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      "title": "Beijing Municipal Government — the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation",
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       "value": "Article of 1 January 2025 on the municipal Autonomous Vehicle Regulation passed 31 December 2024 and effective 1 April 2025: a 48-article law covering L3+ personal cars, buses, taxis, freight and municipal service vehicles after testing and safety assessment.",
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      "title": "CnEVPost — China suspends new robotaxi permits after Baidu outage (2026-04-29)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Counterweight. After more than 100 Apollo Go robotaxis froze simultaneously in Wuhan on 31 March 2026, regulators stopped issuing new autonomous-driving permits nationwide, with no stated end date. Existing services were not shut down.",
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     "claimsMapped": 11,
     "sourcesTotal": 8,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 7,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}