1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

NAPR Property Register: Georgia's Digital Land Titles and Their Bitcoin-Anchored Extracts

Revision 2026-11-04-baseline · effective 2026-11-04

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 24 claims and 7 source dossiers.

sha256:c5a886bb7b8b48dbb9502e7f79d107aebdeb1446fddc740a26a6f6e58706a253
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • add /evidencePassport — Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers.
  • add /revisionHistory — Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision.
24
of 24 claims mapped
7
source dossiers
2
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-1c87c0a96bc38b12 quantitative
Georgia's National Agency of Public Registry (NAPR), created under the Ministry of Justice by a June 2004 law
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The World Bank book dates the Law on State Registry to June 2004 and says it created NAPR as a legal entity under the ministry of justice.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012)
Claim 2 clm-dd8a5bd04bd2307d descriptive
for Tbilisi, the World Bank reports that all properties have been systematically transferred into the electronic database
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The Doing Business 2020 procedure notes for registering property in Tbilisi say this in these words.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Doing Business 2020 Economy Profile: Georgia
Claim 3 clm-9e2ca62ac3e76138 quantitative
Since a pilot that started in April 2016
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The report's background paragraph dates the start of NAPR's blockchain pilot with the private sector to April 2016.
Caveat
The peer-reviewed study says only that NAPR started exploring the technology in 2015–2016.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Trend News Agency — Georgia signs MoU with Hedera to explore blockchain use in public registry
Claim 4 clm-028b093935cfbdd4 descriptive
NAPR has added a layer built by the Bitfury Group
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study describes NAPR providing the content and Bitfury implementing the blockchain technology, as an add-on layer over the existing system.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 5 clm-976e375774fae8e1 descriptive
each digitally signed PDF extract is hashed, the hashes are combined into a Merkle tree, and its root is written into a transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study's process model: the gateway reads newly signed files, generates a hash of each, builds a Merkle tree of hashes and creates a Bitcoin transaction containing the root hash.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 6 clm-28699530662c7b4b descriptive
NAPR's own presentation of the project announced a second phase of smart contracts, with payment and property registration in a single transaction
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
NAPR's slides announce a Phase II of smart contracts and set the target of payment and property registration in a single transaction.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. NAPR (Mariam Turashvili) — blockchain presentation hosted by ELRA
Claim 8 clm-18e4735737b76393 descriptive
is a video session with automated face matching and a bank escrow account
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper describes a video call led by an operator, document capture and a selfie matched against civil-registry data, and an escrow account at JSC Bank of Georgia that releases the price only after registration.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. FIG Congress 2026 — Jashiashvili & Grigolia (NAPR): Groundbreaking Smart Contracts in Land Registration: The NAPR Experience
Claim 9 clm-f081ea65e089d679 quantitative
NAPR's 2026 description of its architecture names no blockchain
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The architecture section lists the platform's services and external integrations; a blockchain is not among them and the paper does not mention one.
Caveat
An absence in one paper; no source we found states whether the Bitcoin anchoring of extracts still runs.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. FIG Congress 2026 — Jashiashvili & Grigolia (NAPR): Groundbreaking Smart Contracts in Land Registration: The NAPR Experience
Claim 10 clm-fbefabcd5106f0c7 quantitative
registering property, which took 39 days in 2005, took 2 days by its 2012 report
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The World Bank book gives 39 days in 2005 and 2 days at the time of writing.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012)
Claim 11 clm-03d5ebcde4eaf274 quantitative
Georgia ranked first in the world for ease of registering property in Doing Business 2012
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The book cites the 2012 Doing Business report for Georgia's first place in ease of registering property.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012)
Claim 12 clm-72d593850c4c2793 quantitative
Doing Business 2020, which measured Tbilisi, counted 1 procedure and 1 day
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The profile names Tbilisi as the city covered and records a single procedure taking 1 day.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Doing Business 2020 Economy Profile: Georgia
Claim 13 clm-d5b37f020d80583c descriptive
not all privately held plots in the city are formally registered
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The quality index answers No for formal registration of all privately held plots in Tbilisi; it answers Yes for their mapping.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Doing Business 2020 Economy Profile: Georgia
Claim 14 clm-2dc85490aa6f7267 descriptive
there is no independent mechanism for complaints about the registry
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The profile answers No, scoring 0 on this item.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Doing Business 2020 Economy Profile: Georgia
Claim 15 clm-b9a3e47ccdea915c quantitative
based on interviews with NAPR, Bitfury and outside experts in 2019
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Eight respondents from NAPR, Bitfury and third parties were interviewed between March and April 2019.
Caveat
The authors note that respondents employed at NAPR and Bitfury could be biased.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 16 clm-884134e4928f5e90 descriptive
found no specific metrics for evaluating the project and no tangible results in cost efficiency
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The discussion section says no specific metrics were found and that the blockchain solution does not yield tangible results in terms of cost efficiency.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 17 clm-6e069f3cfa6d3fd8 descriptive
it judged that the add-on requires more funds than the land title service needed before
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study's wording: supporting the add-on service requires more funds than the land title service incurred before the blockchain layer.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 18 clm-3e74f2d5be5e9a8b descriptive
Bitfury covered the project's costs and maintenance.
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The conclusion says the project's costs and the technology maintenance expenditures are covered by the private blockchain provider.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 19 clm-f44d621763a4ac5c quantitative
fired all 2,200 public registry employees in a single day
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The book reports that at the end of 2004 all 2,200 public registry employees were fired in a single day and invited to reapply by exam.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012)
Claim 20 clm-0510f1a521c5baae quantitative
connected 68 registry offices to one computer system
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
What remained after the reform were the central NAPR and 68 registry offices, all connected to one computer system.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012)
Claim 21 clm-05fdc00f39f90154 descriptive
as a layer on a process it left unchanged
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study calls the solution a shallow add-on: the existing digital process is kept and a blockchain layer is added on top.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 22 clm-a82a24da42d21525 quantitative
the 2019 study notes that citizens' data can theoretically be amended before a title is transferred to the blockchain
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study quotes a respondent: data can theoretically be amended before a title reaches the immutable blockchain storage, leaving room for tampering by social engineering.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia
Claim 23 clm-3d61735daf7b1b34 descriptive
The smart contracts announced for the chain arrived as a conventional e-service
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
NAPR's slides announced smart contracts as Phase II of the blockchain project; NAPR's 2024 paper on the Smart Contract service lists blockchain among capabilities still to be introduced.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. NAPR (Mariam Turashvili) — blockchain presentation hosted by ELRA
  2. FIG Working Week 2024 — Grigolia & Gabriadze (NAPR): Smart Contract - New Era of Subsequent Registration of Immovable Property in Georgia
Claim 24 clm-83908266543c3a8b quantitative
in December 2025 the Ministry of Justice signed a memorandum with Hedera to explore moving registry data onto a blockchain
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Citing the ministry, Trend reports the memorandum of understanding with Hedera and lists the possible migration of NAPR data to a blockchain network among the areas discussed.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Trend News Agency — Georgia signs MoU with Hedera to explore blockchain use in public registry

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-11-04-baseline effective 2026-11-04 · created 2026-11-04

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:c5a886bb7b8b48dbb9502e7f79d107aebdeb1446fddc740a26a6f6e58706a253
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
24
of 24 claims mapped
7
source dossiers
2
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
National Agency of Public Registry (NAPR), a legal entity of public law under the Ministry of Justice of Georgia; blockchain timestamping layer built and provided by the Bitfury Group
Actor types
national-government, private
Funding model
mixed
Funding description
NAPR was set up as a self-financing agency funded by its registration fees (World Bank, 2012). The costs and maintenance of the blockchain layer were covered by the vendor, the Bitfury Group (Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim, 2019). NAPR's 2022 consumer survey for the Smart Contract service was paid from the World Bank-funded Irrigation and Land Market Development Project.
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

7 source dossiers

Springer (LNBIP 361) — Lazuashvili, Norta & Draheim: Integration of Blockchain Technology into a Land Registration System for Immutable Traceability: A Casestudy of Georgia rd.springer.com · 8 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-1074861f4df80e89
Publisher
Name not classified · rd.springer.com
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2019-08-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Peer-reviewed case study (BPM 2019 Blockchain and CEE Forum) based on eight interviews with NAPR, Bitfury and outside experts held in March–April 2019, plus internal documents. It models the process — signed PDF extract, hash, Merkle tree, root hash in a Bitcoin transaction — calls the blockchain a shallow add-on that leaves the business process unchanged, finds no specific metrics for evaluating the project and no tangible cost-efficiency gain, says the add-on needs more funds than the service did before, notes that data can theoretically be amended before a title reaches the blockchain, and says Bitfury covers the project's costs and maintenance.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
World Bank — Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia's Reforms (2012) documents1.worldbank.org · 5 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-dde1c79f0c7cb58d
Publisher
Name not classified · documents1.worldbank.org
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

World Bank book on Georgia's anti-corruption reforms. Its chapter on registries describes the June 2004 Law on State Registry that created NAPR under the Ministry of Justice as a self-financing agency, the dismissal of all 2,200 public registry employees in a single day at the end of 2004, documents cut from six to two and later one, 68 registry offices connected to one computer system, registration time falling from 39 days in 2005 to 2 days, and Georgia ranking first for ease of registering property in Doing Business 2012.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
World Bank — Doing Business 2020 Economy Profile: Georgia archive.doingbusiness.org · 4 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-c20d706762a7b174
Publisher
Name not classified · archive.doingbusiness.org
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The World Bank's Doing Business 2020 profile for Georgia, with data collected to May 2019 in Tbilisi as the city covered. Registering property: 1 procedure, 1 day, rank 5. It states that all properties in Tbilisi have been systematically transferred into the electronic database, that not all privately held plots in Tbilisi are formally registered (though all are mapped), and that there is no specific and independent mechanism for complaints about the registry. It does not mention a blockchain.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
NAPR (Mariam Turashvili) — blockchain presentation hosted by ELRA elra.eu · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7efef0b60ac197bc
Publisher
Name not classified · elra.eu
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

NAPR's own slides on the Bitfury cooperation, by the head of its project management department: Phase I pilot (digitally signing the document, NAPR generating hash codes, sending the hash code to blockchain) and 'Moving to Phase II – Smart Contracts', with the target of payment and property registration in a single transaction.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
FIG Working Week 2024 — Grigolia & Gabriadze (NAPR): Smart Contract - New Era of Subsequent Registration of Immovable Property in Georgia fig.net · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-58eea7bb8bea6bc3
Publisher
Name not classified · fig.net
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Conference paper by NAPR project staff describing the Smart Contract project before launch: video identification, contract generation, bank escrow, a 2022 consumer survey funded from a World Bank project. Its conclusion lists blockchain among capabilities still to be introduced.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
FIG Congress 2026 — Jashiashvili & Grigolia (NAPR): Groundbreaking Smart Contracts in Land Registration: The NAPR Experience fig.net · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-2f14ca60436ceaf8
Publisher
Name not classified · fig.net
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Conference paper by NAPR staff on the Smart Contract service: launched on 24 October 2024; first transaction on 6 November 2024, a Tbilisi property sold by a Georgian living in Sweden; hundreds of sessions in eighteen months. The architecture section lists document generation, electronic signatures, file storage, video recording, SMS/email and identity verification (vendor Identomat) with escrow at JSC Bank of Georgia; it does not mention a blockchain.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Trend News Agency — Georgia signs MoU with Hedera to explore blockchain use in public registry trend.az · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-36b9049b1233e063
Publisher
Name not classified · trend.az
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-12-01
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-11-04
Dossier created
2026-11-04
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Report, citing Georgia's Ministry of Justice, that the ministry signed a memorandum of understanding with Hedera to explore distributed-ledger technologies, including the possible migration of NAPR data to a blockchain network and real-estate tokenization; its background paragraph dates NAPR's first blockchain pilot to April 2016.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this file
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.