1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

PPWSA: Metering Out a 72% Water Loss

Revision 2026-09-25-landmark-correction · effective 2026-09-25

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Landmark of the Week upgrade: loss-rate series brought up to date (PPWSA's own reports give 27.27% for 2024 and 25.55% for 2025, not 8.75%); metering completed by 2001, not 1994; zone telemetry existed by 2008, so 'SCADA came later' is corrected; peer-reviewed evaluation now read; story page with 21 claims added.

sha256:fcc2bfedec295b29393146693f64fc77227a730541e8b86e1fd3834c2efab49a
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • replace /snapshot/projectFingerprint — Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/asOf — Updated asOf to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/projectState — Updated projectState to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/claims — Updated claims to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/sources — Updated sources to the current sourced project record.
39
of 39 claims mapped
16
source dossiers
10
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-2e3e132a729b4e1e quantitative
lost 72% of what it produced
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The operator states the 1993 loss rate outright — 'In 1993 the rate of water loss experienced by PPWSA was 72%' — and SIWI and IWA repeat the same baseline year and figure.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 2 clm-f26981548d84a8dd quantitative
only 12.61% of its connections had a meter
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The operator's own baseline for metering coverage in the same year as the 72% loss rate: 'In 1993, 12.61% of all water connections had water meters.'
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 3 clm-3d83191d791ab2ea descriptive
put zoned teams on leak control
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Water-loss control is organised as dedicated groups per service area — from one group of five staff in 1996 to eight groups with 63 technical employees by 2023.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 4 clm-a8f84b11aa1beb15 quantitative
Losses fell to 6% by 2008
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The award citation dates the single-digit low: 'Non-Revenue Water (NRW): Declined from 72% (1993) to 6% (2008)' — the independent anchor for the arc.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 5 clm-7390bbf26fa77586 quantitative
bill collection rose from 48% to over 98%
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
SIWI gives collection over 98%; The Source gives the 48% baseline of 1993 and 99% later. Two sources, one range.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
  2. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 6 clm-b35ab2f8501261f5 quantitative
From 1994 it began metering every connection, and all were metered by 2001
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The operator dates the start of universal metering to 1994 ('In 1994, PPWSA commenced installing water meters to all household connections'); the peer-reviewed evaluation dates completion to 2001.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  3. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
Claim 7 clm-e14b76e492ffa06c quantitative
Zone telemetry was in place by 2008
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ADB's case study of 30 September 2008 describes 41 network zones, each with an online pressure and flow transmitter.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ADB — Country Water Action: PPWSA internal reforms (30 Sep 2008)
Claim 8 clm-1fe9b8d8b35f43dc quantitative
the integrated GIS platform came after 2015
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
PPWSA's director general separates the pre-2015 telemetry-run SCADA from the integrated GIS system (with SCADA and Sense Water) introduced subsequently.
Caveat
Operator's own account.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 9 clm-d9a31468afc2dea4 quantitative
Non-revenue water fell from 72% in 1993 to 6% in 2008
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The independent award citation carries exactly this arc.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 10 clm-c18d9057ea1c31d0 quantitative
24-hour supply reaching about 90% of a city of 1.3 million
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2010 citation states both the coverage share and the continuous-service claim: 'Coverage: 90% to a city of 1.3 million residents … PPWSA today provides 24-hour service.'
Caveat
The city has grown well past 1.3 million since; the figure describes 2010.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 11 clm-9295353a5a047a79 descriptive
no state operating subsidy
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
An independent statement of cost recovery, not an operator claim: the utility operates 'without subsidies from the state'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 12 clm-9fcce6357a4f0d74 quantitative
PPWSA's own reports give 8.75% for 2023, 27.27% for 2024 and 25.55% for 2025
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Three operator annual reports: 8.75% (2023, 'kept in single digits'), 27.27% (2024) and 25.55% (2025) for Phnom Penh and Takmao. The website's loss page still stops at 8.75%.
Caveat
Operator-reported; the reports do not explain the jump between the first and second quarters of 2024.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2023
  2. PPWSA — Annual Report 2024
  3. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 13 clm-999e92972704c884 descriptive
internal audit is reviewing how the rate is calculated
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2025 annual report's audit committee section: internal audit 'continued to review the reduction of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) by assessing the technical methods and technological systems used to calculate the NRW rate accurately'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 14 clm-018aedddd839b91c descriptive
The turnaround began with a customer census, meters and enforced bills
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation and the operator's page both put the 1994 census, universal metering and enforced collection at the start of the reform.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
  3. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 15 clm-0bf6d2dd72cb9734 descriptive
zone telemetry followed
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ADB (2008) describes 41 telemetered zones; IUCN (2010) describes SCADA process control and a telemeter system at the Production Department.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ADB — Country Water Action: PPWSA internal reforms (30 Sep 2008)
  2. IUCN — Sharing the Reform Process: Learning from PPWSA (2010)
Claim 16 clm-01542ef1480fec5a quantitative
the integrated GIS platform and spot-billing came only after 2015
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
PPWSA's director general dates the integrated GIS system to after 2015 and spot-billing to mid-2017.
Caveat
Operator's own account.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 17 clm-db2fb78d31685039 quantitative
from a 5.9% low at the end of 2009
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
PPWSA's 2021 account gives the low point and date; the June 2010 award announcement quotes Ek Sonn Chan citing the 'current 5.9 percent'.
Caveat
Operator-reported.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
  2. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 18 clm-e34748ee17968127 quantitative
the operator's own figure climbed to 27.27% in 2024
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2024 annual report's figure for Phnom Penh and Takmao.
Caveat
Operator-reported.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2024
Claim 19 clm-b1811efcde161374 quantitative
Non-revenue water topped 72% and revenues collected barely covered half of operational costs
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ADB's 2008 case study states both the 72% baseline and the half-of-operating-costs revenue position; PPWSA's own 2021 account in The Source gives the same picture ('total revenue covered only about 50% of operational expenditure').
Caveat
ADB's case study relies largely on interviews with PPWSA's management.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ADB — Country Water Action: PPWSA internal reforms (30 Sep 2008)
  2. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 20 clm-a9407c2942b1b04a quantitative
In 1993 only 3,391 of its 26,881 connections had a meter
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The peer-reviewed evaluation gives the count; the operator's page gives the same baseline as a share ('In 1993, 12.61% of all water connections had water meters').
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
  3. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 21 clm-6353346196fa7fad quantitative
they found 13,901 households receiving water but no bill, and 12,980 being billed for water they never received
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Biswas & Tortajada report both halves of the 1994 census: 12,980 households 'ostensibly connected to the system, but were not' and 13,901 connected but unbilled. PPWSA's 2021 account gives the same 13,901.
Caveat
PPWSA's own website gives 13,722 unbilled connections for the same survey; the page follows the peer-reviewed figure.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
  3. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 22 clm-d0a46e42cdbec7a3 quantitative
an illegal connection cost about $1000 and could be arranged by middlemen linked to the utility's top managers
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Stated in PPWSA's own retrospective by its director general; ADB's 2008 case study separately gives about $1000 as the cost of a connection in 1993.
Caveat
The operator's own account of its predecessors' conduct, written in 2021; no independent source for the middlemen was found.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 23 clm-c97c220ab4eb33f1 quantitative
Metering of every connection began in 1994, and by 2001 all connections were metered
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The operator dates the start ('In 1994, PPWSA commenced installing water meters to all household connections'); the peer-reviewed evaluation dates completion to 2001.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  3. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
Claim 24 clm-a68256bc8315d8ed quantitative
By 2008 the distribution network was divided into 41 zones, each equipped with a pressure and flow data transmitter sending online data to find large leaks
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ADB's case study, dated 30 September 2008, describes the zoned network with online pressure and flow telemetry as already in place.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ADB — Country Water Action: PPWSA internal reforms (30 Sep 2008)
Claim 25 clm-6a78b0299093bc51 quantitative
by 2010 process control had been shifted to a SCADA system
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
IUCN's 2010 study describes the treatment process as automated from intake to distribution under SCADA, and dates the shift to the change process after 1993 without giving a year.
Caveat
Co-authored by PPWSA's general director and deputy; it states that SCADA was in use by 2010, not when it was introduced.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. IUCN — Sharing the Reform Process: Learning from PPWSA (2010)
Claim 26 clm-d85471893e9f1489 quantitative
a GIS platform combining SCADA with the Sense Water loss-management system came after 2015, and spot-billing from mid-2017
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
PPWSA's director general dates the integrated GIS system ('equipped with Knowledge Information System, SCADA and Sense Water') to after 2015, having noted that a telemetry-run SCADA already existed before 2015; spot-billing from mid-2017.
Caveat
Operator's own account.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)
Claim 27 clm-786a9d34339a6315 quantitative
the army initially refused to have any meter installed, and in 1997 the Prime Minister publicly declared that every person and institution had to pay their water bills
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation continues: 'in 1997, the Prime Minister publicly proclaimed that every person and institution had to pay their water bills promptly'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
Claim 28 clm-9b890f7227d21eee quantitative
the representatives mostly sold water to the poor at 10 to 20 times the subsidised rate
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation describes the failure of the 1995-2000 community-resale model in these terms.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
Claim 29 clm-a65d7b6ba22e7ad4 quantitative
poor households could receive a subsidy of 30, 50, 70 or 100% of the connection fee
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Stated in the 2010 evaluation; PPWSA's 2025 annual report lists 1,420 subsidised connections in 2025 across the same four tiers.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
  3. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 30 clm-aec349cea4c70386 quantitative
connections to poor households rose from 101 in 1999 to 17,657
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation's figure; 'at present' refers to the paper's own time, 2010.
Caveat
The 17,657 describes 2010, the time of the evaluation.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)
Claim 31 clm-176ab47fe344a1fb quantitative
reducing water loss from the current 5.9 percent to 4 percent by 2020
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Ek Sonn Chan's own target, quoted in the award announcement of June 2010.
Caveat
An operator target quoted by the award organiser, not a jury finding.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement
Claim 32 clm-ed3d1654b1bbefae quantitative
in 2023 the water loss rate was kept in single digits at 8.75%
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The operator's 2023 annual report; the website's loss page gives the same 8.75%.
Caveat
Operator-reported. An IWA case story written by PPWSA staff gives 8.93% for the same year.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2023
  2. PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)
Claim 33 clm-1b6a30721de74663 quantitative
9.75% in the first quarter of 2024 and 27.17% in the second
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The Q1 2024 report states 'non-revenue water rate was kept at 9.75%'; the Q2 2024 report states 27.17%. Neither explains the change.
Caveat
Operator-reported; the reports do not say whether the method or scope of the calculation changed.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Quarterly report, Q1 2024
  2. PPWSA — Quarterly report, Q2 2024
Claim 34 clm-f974d31dcb6cdf00 quantitative
27.27% for Phnom Penh and Takmao in 2024 and 25.55% in 2025
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2024 annual report gives 27.27% for Phnom Penh and Takmao; the 2025 annual report gives 25.55% for the same area and calls it 'a decrease of 1.72% compared to 2024'.
Caveat
Operator-reported.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2024
  2. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 35 clm-b1f963cd2b97b5c0 descriptive
road repair and widening across Phnom Penh is one of the many reasons for leaking pipes
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The only cause the 2024 annual report names in connection with leakage.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2024
Claim 36 clm-679d764e58ab7b57 descriptive
The board noted that the latest quarterly loss report was not yet a comprehensive one, and internal audit was assessing the methods used to calculate the rate
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2025 annual report records the board acknowledging the Q4 2025 NRW report as 'not yet a comprehensive NRW report', and the audit committee section says internal audit continued 'assessing the technical methods and technological systems used to calculate the NRW rate accurately'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 37 clm-a5c08d1fd118ccf8 quantitative
15% by 2030 in the chairman's outlook, and 15% by 2027 in the board-approved action plan
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The same report states both: the chairman's letter aims to 'reduce NRW to 15% by 2030', and the board approved an action plan for 2025-2027 'with the objective of reducing the non-revenue water rate to 15% by 2027'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 38 clm-5d41c1c7d6a75089 quantitative
The Bakheng plant produced 102,751,262 cubic metres in 2025, with a third phase scheduled for completion in the fourth quarter of 2027
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2025 annual report's production table gives Bakheng's actual output; the same report dates Bakheng Phase 3 (195,000 m3/day) to the fourth quarter of 2027.
Caveat
The 2021 construction announcement had expected full capacity in 2024.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. PPWSA — Annual Report 2025
Claim 39 clm-d12cf4877d9baecc descriptive
The evaluation's charts are marked as drawn from PPWSA records
Published field
body · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Every data figure and table in the paper carries 'Source: PPWSA records' (or 'Source: PPWSA'), including the unaccounted-for-water series.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management)
  2. Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-09-25-landmark-correction effective 2026-09-25 · created 2026-09-25

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:fcc2bfedec295b29393146693f64fc77227a730541e8b86e1fd3834c2efab49a
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
39
of 39 claims mapped
16
source dossiers
10
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)
Actor types
utility
Funding model
mixed
Funding description
Tariff revenue, no state operating subsidy; Bakheng capital works co-financed by AFD, EIB and the EU
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

16 source dossiers

PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator) ppwsa.com.kh · 8 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8e8f1f55e07367c7
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Operator's own NRW page: 72% in 1993, 12.61% of connections metered in 1993, meters on all household connections from 1994, Class B to C meter upgrade from 1997, 8 water-loss groups with 63 technical staff, and 8.75% for 2023. Rechecked 2026-09-25: the page still stops at 2023, while the operator's annual reports give 27.27% for 2024 and 25.55% for 2025.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement wateronline.com · 7 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-868c00d88a1e3bba
Publisher
Name not classified · wateronline.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2010-06-04
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Reproduces the Stockholm International Water Institute's award announcement: the jury citation (operating without subsidies from the state, 24-hour service, 90% coverage of a city of 1.3 million) plus narrative figures (72% in 1993 to 6% by 2008, collection over 98%) and Ek Sonn Chan's target of 5.9% to 4% by 2020. An award citation, not an audit.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021) thesourcemagazine.org · 8 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-d875914f258b27e7
Publisher
Name not classified · thesourcemagazine.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-11-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Published in IWA's magazine but written by PPWSA's director general, Dr Sim Sitha, so an operator account. NRW above 70% (1993) to 5.9% at end-2009; collection 48% to 99%; a telemetry-run SCADA before 2015, then an integrated GIS with SCADA and Sense Water; spot-billing from mid-2017; 333,288 connections in 2020; dates the third tariff step to May 2017.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
IWA — Building a Resilient Water Future for Phnom Penh (2025) iwa-network.org · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-176b42db6752f691
Publisher
Name not classified · iwa-network.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-12-18
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

IWA Climate Smart Utilities case story written by PPWSA staff and its director general, Long Naro, so an operator account. Gives 8.93% for 2023 (the annual report says 8.75%) and attributes rising NRW to urbanisation, expansion and an ageing system; Bakheng solar 3.8 MW.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
PPWSA — History (operator) ppwsa.com.kh · background

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Stable source ID
src-f5c283ee4439b583
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
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Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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Open the recorded source note

Founding by Royal Decree No. 164NS of 24 March 1960; a 288 km network in poor condition and a 72% loss rate in 1993; 26,881 customers at end-1993 and 365,120 at end-2018.

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Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2) tandfonline.com · 10 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-a88c519d262fea8e
Publisher
Name not classified · tandfonline.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
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Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
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Open the recorded source note

The publisher's record of the peer-reviewed evaluation (IJWRD 26(2):157-172, June 2010). The publisher page blocks automated readers; the full text was read in the authors' open copy, listed separately, and the page's claims cite both.

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Smart Water Magazine — Bakheng plant construction start (2021) smartwatermagazine.com · background

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Stable source ID
src-b6a75138724f33d2
Publisher
Name not classified · smartwatermagazine.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-02-02
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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Open the recorded source note

The current capital programme: capacity from 600,000 to about 1,000,000 m³/day; AFD $186.4M, EIB $100M, EU $15M grant, PPWSA $80M; construction started February 2021.

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Background source; no baseline claim points here
Biswas & Tortajada (2010) — authors' open copy (Third World Centre for Water Management) thirdworldcentre.org · 10 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-8a92186dbc5990b2
Publisher
Name not classified · thirdworldcentre.org
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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The full text of the peer-reviewed paper, hosted by the first author's institute (reprint of IJWRD 26(2):157-172, June 2010). Describes itself as 'a summary of an independent evaluation' funded by the Lee Kuan Yew School; its figures and charts are marked 'Source: PPWSA records'. Carries 3,391 of 26,881 connections metered in 1993, all metered by 2001, the 1994 census (13,901 unbilled / 12,980 phantom), 24-hour service by 1995, unaccounted-for water 72% to 6.19%, the failed community-resale scheme, and pro-poor connections 101 (1999) to 17,657.

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ADB — Country Water Action: PPWSA internal reforms (30 Sep 2008) adb.org · 4 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-95768af986cd07af
Publisher
Name not classified · adb.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2008-09-30
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
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No archived copy linked
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Open the recorded source note

ADB 'Country Water Action' case study, built largely on interviews with PPWSA management: 72% NRW and revenue covering half of operating costs in 1993; salaries around $20 a month; network divided into 41 zones with online pressure and flow transmitters; 6% NRW, 90% coverage with 24-hour supply, 99.9% collection; no central-government subsidy; 1996 autonomy decree.

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IUCN — Sharing the Reform Process: Learning from PPWSA (2010) waterknowledgehub.org · 2 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-66cc7a6f19016b0e
Publisher
Name not classified · waterknowledgehub.org
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
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Open the recorded source note

IUCN Asia study co-authored by Binayak Das with PPWSA's general director Ek Sonn Chan and deputy Chea Visoth, so not independent of the operator. Describes SCADA process control from intake to distribution, a telemeter system detecting leaks by zone, 58 sub-zones with local leak detection, and leak teams paid on the reduction they achieve; NRW 32% in 2000.

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Claims linked
PPWSA — Annual Report 2023 ppwsa.com.kh · 2 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-91089945b788fd6c
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
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Open the recorded source note

Operator annual report for 2023: 'water loss rate was kept in single digits 8.75%'. Chairman's letter dated March 2024 (day not printed).

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Claims linked
PPWSA — Quarterly report, Q1 2024 ppwsa.com.kh · 1 linked claim

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Stable source ID
src-0ac7e97d7de9f78d
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2024-05-15
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
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Open the recorded source note

Operator quarterly report filed with the Cambodia Securities Exchange: non-revenue water 9.75% in Q1 2024.

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Claims linked
PPWSA — Quarterly report, Q2 2024 ppwsa.com.kh · 1 linked claim

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Stable source ID
src-d3f7e1c14e92794b
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2024-09-30
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Operator quarterly report: non-revenue water 27.17% in Q2 2024, the first figure above 10% in the series; no explanation of the change is given.

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Claims linked
PPWSA — Annual Report 2024 ppwsa.com.kh · 4 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-f774a74959863206
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2025-06-02
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
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Open the recorded source note

Operator annual report for 2024: NRW 27.27% for Phnom Penh and Takmao; names road repair and widening as one of the many reasons for leaking pipes; tariff revised from 1 January 2020.

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Claims linked
PPWSA — Annual Report 2025 ppwsa.com.kh · 7 linked claims

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Stable source ID
src-9f875fd5357e6cb0
Publisher
Name not classified · ppwsa.com.kh
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2026-04-07
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
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Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
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Open the recorded source note

Operator annual report for 2025 (chairman's letter dated 7 April 2026): NRW 25.55%, missing the board's 24% target; targets of 15% by 2030 (chairman) and 15% by 2027 (board action plan); board finds the Q4 NRW report 'not yet a comprehensive NRW report'; internal audit reviewing how the NRW rate is calculated; 1,420 subsidised connections in 2025 in the 30/50/70/100% tiers; Bakheng output 102,751,262 m3 in 2025, Phase 3 due Q4 2027; listing date 18 April 2012; tariff unchanged 2001-2019.

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Claims linked
Global Finance — first Cambodian domestic IPO (3 May 2012) gfmag.com · background

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Stable source ID
src-6421514aec2539a4
Publisher
Name not classified · gfmag.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2012-05-03
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-09-25
Dossier created
2026-09-25
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Trade/financial press: PPWSA was the first company to list on the Cambodia Securities Exchange, trading from 18 April 2012, with 15% of its shares floated and 85% held by the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

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Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Known limits of this file
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.