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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "phnom-penh-ppwsa-water",
  "title": "PPWSA: Metering Out a 72% Water Loss",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/phnom-penh-ppwsa-water/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-20-source-dates-r2",
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  {
   "id": "2026-08-17-phnom-penh-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-17T05:49:39Z",
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   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 15 claims and 7 source dossiers.",
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     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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     "status": "unreviewed",
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    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "succeeded",
     "evidenceGrade": "independent",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1993,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "Tariff revenue, no state operating subsidy; Bakheng capital works co-financed by AFD, EIB and the EU",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
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     {
      "id": "clm-2e3e132a729b4e1e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "lost 72% of what it produced",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator states the 1993 loss rate outright — 'In 1993 the rate of water loss experienced by PPWSA was 72%' — and SIWI and IWA repeat the same baseline year and figure.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-f26981548d84a8dd",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "only 12.61% of its connections had a meter",
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      "supportNote": "The operator's own baseline for metering coverage in the same year as the 72% loss rate: 'In 1993, 12.61% of all water connections had water meters.'",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-baeea6d0401ad864",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "From 1994 it fitted meters to every household connection",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The operator dates the start of universal household metering to 1994: 'In 1994, PPWSA commenced installing water meters to all household connections.'",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "put zoned teams on leak control",
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      "supportNote": "Water-loss control is organised as dedicated groups per service area — from one group of five staff in 1996 to eight groups with 63 technical employees by 2023.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Losses fell to 6% by 2008",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The award citation dates the single-digit low: 'Non-Revenue Water (NRW): Declined from 72% (1993) to 6% (2008)' — the independent anchor for the arc.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-7390bbf26fa77586",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "bill collection rose from 48% to over 98%",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "SIWI gives collection over 98%; The Source gives the 48% baseline of 1993 and 99% later. Two sources, one range.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "SCADA and GIS came later",
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      "supportNote": "The Source places GIS with SCADA and the Sense Water loss-management system after 2015 — after the 1993–2008 turnaround was already complete.",
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       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Non-revenue water fell from 72% in 1993 to 6% in 2008",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The independent award citation carries exactly this arc.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "24-hour supply reaching about 90% of a city of 1.3 million",
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      "supportNote": "The 2010 citation states both the coverage share and the continuous-service claim: 'Coverage: 90% to a city of 1.3 million residents … PPWSA today provides 24-hour service.'",
      "caveat": "The city has grown well past 1.3 million since; the figure describes 2010.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-9295353a5a047a79",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "no state operating subsidy",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "An independent statement of cost recovery, not an operator claim: the utility operates 'without subsidies from the state'.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "It has since drifted back up",
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      "supportNote": "The most recent source names ageing and expansion as pressures on the loss rate; its 2023 figure sits well above the 2008/09 low.",
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     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "PPWSA puts the loss rate at 8.75% for 2023",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The operator-reported figure, attributed as such: 'This rate decreased to approximately 8.75% in 2023.' The IWA gives 8.93% for the same year — the two are not averaged.",
      "caveat": "Operator's own figure; the IWA's 8.93% for the same year shows the measurement is not settled.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-93c5d27785b5d516",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "SCADA, GIS and spot-billing arrived only after 2015",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The Source dates the digital layer: GIS/SCADA/Sense Water after 2015, spot-billing from mid-2017.",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-155500b4b5da08fd",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "as the network aged and spread",
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      "supportNote": "The IWA names urbanisation, infrastructural expansion and the ageing system as the causes of rising losses: the 'supply system ages and leakage becomes more difficult to control'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7281b1689c3d9b48",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "losses climbed back from a 5.9% low at the end of 2009",
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      "supportNote": "The Source gives the precise low point and its date — '5.9% by the end of 2009'; the rise is the gap between this and the 2023 figure on PPWSA's own page.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7",
      "title": "PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.ppwsa.com.kh/en/index.php?page=non-revenue-water",
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       "domain": "ppwsa.com.kh",
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      },
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator's own NRW page: 72% in 1993, 12.61% of connections metered in 1993, meters on all household connections from 1994, Class B→C meter upgrade from 1997, 8 water-loss groups with 63 technical staff by 2023, and 8.75% for 2023. Fetched 2026-08-17.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-868c00d88a1e3bba",
      "title": "SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement",
      "url": "https://www.wateronline.com/doc/phnom-penh-water-supply-authority-wins-0001",
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       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Independent award citation with the core figures: 72% (1993) → 6% (2008), collection over 98%, 90% coverage of a city of 1.3 million, 24-hour service, no state subsidy. SIWI's own winner page now 404s; this announcement carries the jury text.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-d875914f258b27e7",
      "title": "The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)",
      "url": "https://thesourcemagazine.org/phnom-penh-water-supply-authoritys-path-to-progress/",
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      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-11-26",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "26 November 2021: NRW above 70% (1993) → 5.9% at end-2009; collection 48% → 99%; 333,288 connections in 2020; GIS with SCADA and the Sense Water loss-management system after 2015; spot-billing from mid-2017.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-176b42db6752f691",
      "title": "IWA — Building a Resilient Water Future for Phnom Penh (2025)",
      "url": "https://www.iwa-network.org/post/building-a-resilient-water-future-for-phnom-penh-cambodia",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "iwa-network.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-12-18",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "18 December 2025, the most recent source found. Gives 8.93% for 2023 (PPWSA's own page says 8.75% — the two are not averaged), and attributes the rise to urbanisation, expansion and an ageing network.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-f5c283ee4439b583",
      "title": "PPWSA — History (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.ppwsa.com.kh/en/index.php?page=history",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ppwsa.com.kh",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Founding by Royal Decree 164NS of 24 March 1960; 72% loss in 1993; 365,120 customers at end-2018. PPWSA has been listed on the Cambodia Securities Exchange since 2012.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-a88c519d262fea8e",
      "title": "Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)",
      "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07900621003768859",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tandfonline.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The peer-reviewed independent study of this turnaround. Listed for the record — the full text was not retrievable during this review, so no figure in this entry is attributed to it.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-b6a75138724f33d2",
      "title": "Smart Water Magazine — Bakheng plant construction start (2021)",
      "url": "https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/european-investment-bank/cambodia-begins-construction-countrys-largest-water-treatment-plant",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "smartwatermagazine.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
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       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The current capital programme: capacity from 600,000 to about 1,000,000 m³/day; AFD $186.4M, EIB $100M, EU $15M grant, PPWSA $80M; construction started February 2021.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 15,
     "claimsMapped": 15,
     "sourcesTotal": 7,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "2026-08-20-source-dates-b2",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-20T17:00:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-17",
   "changeType": "update",
   "summary": "Record the publication date of each source that states one; sources that publish no date are marked null.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
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    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
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      "text": "24-hour supply reaching about 90% of a city of 1.3 million",
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      "text": "losses climbed back from a 5.9% low at the end of 2009",
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      "title": "SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement",
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       "value": "26 November 2021: NRW above 70% (1993) → 5.9% at end-2009; collection 48% → 99%; 333,288 connections in 2020; GIS with SCADA and the Sense Water loss-management system after 2015; spot-billing from mid-2017.",
       "exact": false
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     {
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      "title": "IWA — Building a Resilient Water Future for Phnom Penh (2025)",
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      },
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Founding by Royal Decree 164NS of 24 March 1960; 72% loss in 1993; 365,120 customers at end-2018. PPWSA has been listed on the Cambodia Securities Exchange since 2012.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The peer-reviewed independent study of this turnaround. Listed for the record — the full text was not retrievable during this review, so no figure in this entry is attributed to it.",
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      },
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      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The current capital programme: capacity from 600,000 to about 1,000,000 m³/day; AFD $186.4M, EIB $100M, EU $15M grant, PPWSA $80M; construction started February 2021.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     "claimsTotal": 15,
     "claimsMapped": 15,
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     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  },
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   },
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     "machineChecks": [
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    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "succeeded",
     "evidenceGrade": "independent",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1993,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "Tariff revenue, no state operating subsidy; Bakheng capital works co-financed by AFD, EIB and the EU",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-2e3e132a729b4e1e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "lost 72% of what it produced",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator states the 1993 loss rate outright — 'In 1993 the rate of water loss experienced by PPWSA was 72%' — and SIWI and IWA repeat the same baseline year and figure.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f26981548d84a8dd",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "only 12.61% of its connections had a meter",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator's own baseline for metering coverage in the same year as the 72% loss rate: 'In 1993, 12.61% of all water connections had water meters.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-baeea6d0401ad864",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "From 1994 it fitted meters to every household connection",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator dates the start of universal household metering to 1994: 'In 1994, PPWSA commenced installing water meters to all household connections.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3d83191d791ab2ea",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "put zoned teams on leak control",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Water-loss control is organised as dedicated groups per service area — from one group of five staff in 1996 to eight groups with 63 technical employees by 2023.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-a8f84b11aa1beb15",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Losses fell to 6% by 2008",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-868c00d88a1e3bba"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The award citation dates the single-digit low: 'Non-Revenue Water (NRW): Declined from 72% (1993) to 6% (2008)' — the independent anchor for the arc.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7390bbf26fa77586",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "bill collection rose from 48% to over 98%",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-868c00d88a1e3bba",
       "src-d875914f258b27e7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "SIWI gives collection over 98%; The Source gives the 48% baseline of 1993 and 99% later. Two sources, one range.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-b1db28fc25432bc8",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "SCADA and GIS came later",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-d875914f258b27e7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Source places GIS with SCADA and the Sense Water loss-management system after 2015 — after the 1993–2008 turnaround was already complete.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-d9a31468afc2dea4",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Non-revenue water fell from 72% in 1993 to 6% in 2008",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-868c00d88a1e3bba"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The independent award citation carries exactly this arc.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-c18d9057ea1c31d0",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "24-hour supply reaching about 90% of a city of 1.3 million",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-868c00d88a1e3bba"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2010 citation states both the coverage share and the continuous-service claim: 'Coverage: 90% to a city of 1.3 million residents … PPWSA today provides 24-hour service.'",
      "caveat": "The city has grown well past 1.3 million since; the figure describes 2010.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-9295353a5a047a79",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "no state operating subsidy",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-868c00d88a1e3bba"
      ],
      "supportNote": "An independent statement of cost recovery, not an operator claim: the utility operates 'without subsidies from the state'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4f90eeee54e4d818",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "It has since drifted back up",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The most recent source names ageing and expansion as pressures on the loss rate; its 2023 figure sits well above the 2008/09 low.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-be389d3c3064bc6c",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "PPWSA puts the loss rate at 8.75% for 2023",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator-reported figure, attributed as such: 'This rate decreased to approximately 8.75% in 2023.' The IWA gives 8.93% for the same year — the two are not averaged.",
      "caveat": "Operator's own figure; the IWA's 8.93% for the same year shows the measurement is not settled.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-93c5d27785b5d516",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "SCADA, GIS and spot-billing arrived only after 2015",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-d875914f258b27e7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Source dates the digital layer: GIS/SCADA/Sense Water after 2015, spot-billing from mid-2017.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-155500b4b5da08fd",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "as the network aged and spread",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176b42db6752f691"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The IWA names urbanisation, infrastructural expansion and the ageing system as the causes of rising losses: the 'supply system ages and leakage becomes more difficult to control'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7281b1689c3d9b48",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "losses climbed back from a 5.9% low at the end of 2009",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-d875914f258b27e7"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Source gives the precise low point and its date — '5.9% by the end of 2009'; the rise is the gap between this and the 2023 figure on PPWSA's own page.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-8e8f1f55e07367c7",
      "title": "PPWSA — Non-revenue water (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.ppwsa.com.kh/en/index.php?page=non-revenue-water",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ppwsa.com.kh",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
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      "language": "und",
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       "clm-be389d3c3064bc6c"
      ],
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator's own NRW page: 72% in 1993, 12.61% of connections metered in 1993, meters on all household connections from 1994, Class B→C meter upgrade from 1997, 8 water-loss groups with 63 technical staff by 2023, and 8.75% for 2023. Fetched 2026-08-17.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-868c00d88a1e3bba",
      "title": "SIWI Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010 — announcement",
      "url": "https://www.wateronline.com/doc/phnom-penh-water-supply-authority-wins-0001",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "wateronline.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-a8f84b11aa1beb15",
       "clm-7390bbf26fa77586",
       "clm-d9a31468afc2dea4",
       "clm-c18d9057ea1c31d0",
       "clm-9295353a5a047a79"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2010-06-04",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Independent award citation with the core figures: 72% (1993) → 6% (2008), collection over 98%, 90% coverage of a city of 1.3 million, 24-hour service, no state subsidy. SIWI's own winner page now 404s; this announcement carries the jury text.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-d875914f258b27e7",
      "title": "The Source (IWA magazine) — PPWSA's path to progress (2021)",
      "url": "https://thesourcemagazine.org/phnom-penh-water-supply-authoritys-path-to-progress/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "thesourcemagazine.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
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       "clm-b1db28fc25432bc8",
       "clm-93c5d27785b5d516",
       "clm-7281b1689c3d9b48"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-11-26",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "26 November 2021: NRW above 70% (1993) → 5.9% at end-2009; collection 48% → 99%; 333,288 connections in 2020; GIS with SCADA and the Sense Water loss-management system after 2015; spot-billing from mid-2017.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-176b42db6752f691",
      "title": "IWA — Building a Resilient Water Future for Phnom Penh (2025)",
      "url": "https://www.iwa-network.org/post/building-a-resilient-water-future-for-phnom-penh-cambodia",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "iwa-network.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-4f90eeee54e4d818",
       "clm-155500b4b5da08fd"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-12-18",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "18 December 2025, the most recent source found. Gives 8.93% for 2023 (PPWSA's own page says 8.75% — the two are not averaged), and attributes the rise to urbanisation, expansion and an ageing network.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-f5c283ee4439b583",
      "title": "PPWSA — History (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.ppwsa.com.kh/en/index.php?page=history",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ppwsa.com.kh",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Founding by Royal Decree 164NS of 24 March 1960; 72% loss in 1993; 365,120 customers at end-2018. PPWSA has been listed on the Cambodia Securities Exchange since 2012.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-a88c519d262fea8e",
      "title": "Biswas & Tortajada (2010), Int. J. Water Resources Development 26(2)",
      "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07900621003768859",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tandfonline.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The peer-reviewed independent study of this turnaround. Listed for the record — the full text was not retrievable during this review, so no figure in this entry is attributed to it.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-b6a75138724f33d2",
      "title": "Smart Water Magazine — Bakheng plant construction start (2021)",
      "url": "https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/european-investment-bank/cambodia-begins-construction-countrys-largest-water-treatment-plant",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "smartwatermagazine.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-02-02",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-17",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-21",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The current capital programme: capacity from 600,000 to about 1,000,000 m³/day; AFD $186.4M, EIB $100M, EU $15M grant, PPWSA $80M; construction started February 2021.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 15,
     "claimsMapped": 15,
     "sourcesTotal": 7,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}