1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

Veturilo: Warsaw's GPS-Tracked Public Bike-Share

Revision 2026-10-17-baseline · effective 2026-10-17

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 26 claims and 10 source dossiers.

sha256:5e02ed4871044d88e739e9ec11ae67ddd8a082044ca06d7a49d5d637ff7847b6
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • add /evidencePassport — Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers.
  • add /revisionHistory — Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision.
26
of 26 claims mapped
10
source dossiers
9
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-c7b2b3308ad6fdf9 descriptive
Veturilo is Warsaw's public bike-share, running each year from March to the end of November
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The city's season summary says the season started in March and ended on the last day of November.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 2 clm-7ec954d87b67ae1a quantitative
It started in 2012 in 3 districts with 55 stations and 1000 bikes and grew to nearly 5 thousand bikes
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM states the 2012 start in three districts with 55 stations and 1,000 bikes, and that by 2022 there were nearly 5 thousand bikes of various kinds ('blisko 5 tysięcy').
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Czas na Veturilo 2023-2028 (tender announced)
Claim 3 clm-0b9349368d93a8e0 descriptive
the electric-lock docks and computer terminals went, every new bike carries a GPS receiver and a lock in its rear wheel
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The contract announcement drops the electric-lock racks and the terminals; the 2023 season summary confirms the electric locks disappeared, that every bike has a lock built into its rear wheel and that all bikes carry GPS receivers.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
  2. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 4 clm-79dbbd1b2ade35ff descriptive
a station is a GPS-defined area around plain U-racks that belong to the city
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM says the stations consist of ordinary inverted-U racks, all owned by the city, and that each station carries GPS to define the 'station area' where a bike must be returned.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 6 clm-af4507807f2f03fb quantitative
The core is 3000 bikes at 300 stations, 10% of the fleet electric
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The contract defines a core of 3,000 bikes assigned to 300 stations, and says 10% of the fleet is to be electric.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 7 clm-384dd5928e887e68 descriptive
ZDM signed the contract with Nextbike GZM, the only bidder
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM says one company, Nextbike GZM, entered the tender and the contract for 2023–2028 was signed with it.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 9 clm-1d33def3c8668244 quantitative
the system publishes a live GBFS data feed under a CC0 licence
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The feed's system information gives version 2.3, a 60-second refresh, the operator Nextbike Polska S.A. and the licence identifier CC0-1.0.
Caveat
The feed is published by the operator; the city's announcements do not describe it.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Nextbike — VETURILO 3.0 GBFS live feed, system information
Claim 10 clm-5df9d1a8f671aa41 quantitative
In the first season of the rebuilt system, 2023, ZDM counted 4,910,240 rentals from 3030 bikes at the start of the season
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The summary gives exactly 4,910,240 rentals in the season and 3,030 bikes on the streets in spring (3,281 by season end).
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 11 clm-324471de70573c5b quantitative
a million more than in 2022, when almost 5 thousand bikes were available
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM says rentals were a million higher than the year before, with fewer bikes: almost 5 thousand were available in 2022.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 12 clm-9d545ca2cc06a945 quantitative
each bike was rented 5.62 times a day, which ZDM puts at 131% above 2020–2022
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The summary gives 5.62 rentals per bike per day and calls it a 131% increase on 2020–2022.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 13 clm-5cda3c0ff24c7323 quantitative
ZDM's own figures put 2019 at nearly twice the roughly 3 million rentals of the two pandemic seasons
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
In June 2022 ZDM wrote that rentals in the two pandemic years hovered around 3 million and that 2019 saw nearly twice as many.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 14 clm-b1bd9540f3c7c0b6 quantitative
Rentals then eased to 4.79 million in 2024 and 4.62 million in 2025
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The press report from the operator's briefing gives 4.79 million rentals in 2024 and 4.62 million in 2025; ZDM's 2025 summary confirms 4.62 million.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SmartRide.pl — Statystyki Veturilo i Nextbike Polska za sezon 2025
  2. ZDM Warszawa — 14. sezon Veturilo za nami (2025 season summary)
Claim 15 clm-6624e3d5b0b74a35 quantitative
at 4.86 rentals per bike per day
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM's 2025 summary says each bike was used 4.86 times a day on average.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — 14. sezon Veturilo za nami (2025 season summary)
Claim 16 clm-78703faeb1d50406 quantitative
The 300 e-bikes carried almost 19% of rentals in 2023
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2023 summary lists 300 electric bikes in the fleet and 924,935 e-bike rentals, almost 19% of all.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
Claim 17 clm-6bb6717c2d532ccc quantitative
by the operator's count, 15% of trips in 2025
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Nextbike's spokesman said the 300 e-bikes generated 15% of all trips in Warsaw in 2025.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SmartRide.pl — Statystyki Veturilo i Nextbike Polska za sezon 2025
Claim 18 clm-1989d9c6f97346b6 descriptive
no source measures which trips the bikes replaced
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Both city season summaries report rentals, users, distances and per-bike use but no modal-shift or car-trip figure; the absence cannot be quoted.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary)
  2. ZDM Warszawa — 14. sezon Veturilo za nami (2025 season summary)
Claim 19 clm-966d1c5dcb2ee413 quantitative
In 2020 the eight-year tender drew one offer, of 160 million złoty, and was annulled as over budget
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
TVN Warszawa quotes ZDM: only one Spanish company bid, offering 160 million for eight years, and the procedure was annulled; SmartRide quotes ZDM's reason that the lowest offer exceeded the amount it intended to spend.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. TVN Warszawa — Drogowcy rozstrzygnęli przetarg na Veturilo (bridge contract for 2021)
  2. SmartRide.pl — ZDM unieważnia przetarg na nowe Veturilo, Marfina zaskarża działania urzędu
Claim 20 clm-4fc18f8b605bb4ec descriptive
the operator had filed for bankruptcy in May, a petition that was rejected before the company entered restructuring
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
TVN Warszawa reports that Nextbike filed for bankruptcy in May, that the system ran unchanged to 30 November, and that, per the company, the petition was rejected and it was in restructuring.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. TVN Warszawa — Drogowcy rozstrzygnęli przetarg na Veturilo (bridge contract for 2021)
Claim 21 clm-0709d046b3b7a5ba descriptive
the Spanish bidder argued that the stop-gap tender could only be won by the incumbent, which owned the bikes
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
SmartRide quotes Marfina's appeal: only a firm already holding the required number of used third-generation bikes could bid, and the only such firm was the incumbent Nextbike Polska, described as the current operator and owner of the bikes.
Caveat
This is the losing bidder's argument in its appeal, not a finding of the appeals body.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. SmartRide.pl — ZDM unieważnia przetarg na nowe Veturilo, Marfina zaskarża działania urzędu
Claim 22 clm-6269969732e187e0 descriptive
The one-year bridge contract went ahead only after the city council added money
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
TVN Warszawa reports that Nextbike's offer of almost 14.3 million złoty exceeded the 13.5 million budget and the Warsaw city council added the funds at its December session.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. TVN Warszawa — Drogowcy rozstrzygnęli przetarg na Veturilo (bridge contract for 2021)
Claim 23 clm-6f3a1f4518a756c1 quantitative
For 2023–2028 the city again had a single bidder, at 104.858 million złoty against a 96 million budget
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Rynek Kolejowy reports the single bid of 104.858 million złoty gross and a budget of 96 million, accepted by ZDM on 9 June 2022.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Rynek Kolejowy — Warszawa akceptuje ofertę na Veturilo do 2028 r.
Claim 24 clm-461b999482663740 descriptive
wrote into the contract that the racks are city property, so the stations can outlast the system's operator
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
ZDM says all the racks will be city property, so they can serve cyclists outside the Veturilo season and be reused regardless of the system's future.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 25 clm-b5c0e2a25365beba descriptive
The bikes still come from the operator
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The contract announcement says the bikes are supplied by the operator and will be brand new.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed)
Claim 26 clm-d4de84fd41a90ef4 quantitative
a winter service is not expected before the contract ends, in 2029
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Życie Warszawy reports that the operator says it is ready for year-round service, that the decision lies with the city, and that a winter Veturilo can most likely come only after the current contract ends, in 2029.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Życie Warszawy — Koniec sezonu Veturilo, system całoroczny na razie niemożliwy

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-10-17-baseline effective 2026-10-17 · created 2026-10-17

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:5e02ed4871044d88e739e9ec11ae67ddd8a082044ca06d7a49d5d637ff7847b6
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
26
of 26 claims mapped
10
source dossiers
9
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Nextbike Polska (nextbike group), under contract to ZDM, the Warsaw city road authority; the 2023–2028 contract was signed with Nextbike GZM
Actor types
city-government, private
Funding model
public
Funding description
City of Warsaw through its road authority ZDM: the 2023–2028 contract was priced at 104.858 million złoty gross against a budget of 96 million; the one-year bridge contract for 2021 cost almost 14.3 million złoty, with the city council adding the money above the 13.5 million budget.
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

10 source dossiers

ZDM Warszawa — Czas na Veturilo 2023-2028 (tender announced) zdm.waw.pl · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7d8c2ddc3aac06a6
Publisher
Name not classified · zdm.waw.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-03-09
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The city road authority's announcement of the 2023–28 tender. It says Veturilo started in 2012 in 3 districts with 55 stations and 1000 bikes, that the system had grown to nearly 5 thousand bikes of various kinds at almost 350 stations, that rentals and returns still ran through stations with a computer terminal, and that the contract with long-standing operator Nextbike Polska was ending, with the old rules running only until the end of November 2022.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
ZDM Warszawa — Veturilo 2023-2028 – umowa podpisana (contract signed) zdm.waw.pl · 7 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-64f72bfc87af3d21
Publisher
Name not classified · zdm.waw.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-06-23
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

ZDM on signing the 2023–2028 contract with Nextbike GZM, the only bidder: 12-hour repair commitment, 10% of the fleet electric, plain U-racks in place of electric-lock docks (at least 3000, all owned by the city), a wheel lock and GPS receiver on every bike, GPS-defined station areas, no more terminals (over 90% of rentals already ran through the app), integration with the city's 19115 contact centre, a core of 3000 bikes at 300 stations with an option for up to 2500 more.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Rynek Kolejowy — Warszawa akceptuje ofertę na Veturilo do 2028 r. rynek-kolejowy.pl · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-9891267fa33b4a1d
Publisher
Name not classified · rynek-kolejowy.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-06-09
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Trade press report that Nextbike GZM, the only bidder, priced the service at 104.858 million złoty gross against a budget of 96 million, and that ZDM accepted the offer on 9 June 2022; the system was to start on 1 March 2023.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
TVN Warszawa — Drogowcy rozstrzygnęli przetarg na Veturilo (bridge contract for 2021) tvn24.pl · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-989477eb00a99af2
Publisher
Name not classified · tvn24.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-01-05
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Report on the one-year bridge contract for 2021: Nextbike's single offer of almost 14.3 million złoty exceeded ZDM's 13.5 million budget and the city council added the money. It recounts that the four-year contract with Nextbike expired at the end of 2020, that the company filed for bankruptcy in May (the petition was rejected and it entered restructuring), and that the eight-year tender drew one offer, of 160 million złoty, from a Spanish company and was annulled.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
SmartRide.pl — ZDM unieważnia przetarg na nowe Veturilo, Marfina zaskarża działania urzędu smartride.pl · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7d30872b1dd0d255
Publisher
Name not classified · smartride.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2020-09-29
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Trade press on the annulment of the eight-year 'new Veturilo' tender because the only offer, from Marfina (Moventia brand), exceeded the budget, and on Marfina's appeal to the National Appeals Chamber arguing that only the incumbent operator, which already owned the bikes, could bid for the stop-gap contract.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
ZDM Warszawa — Prawie 5 mln wypożyczeń rowerów Veturilo w tym sezonie (2023 season summary) zdm.waw.pl · 9 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-52c6b0b63d417d4c
Publisher
Name not classified · zdm.waw.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-12-11
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

ZDM's summary of the first season of Veturilo 3.0 (March–November 2023): new bikes with GPS receivers and wheel locks, a new app, unchanged fares with the first 20 minutes free; 3030 bikes at 300 stations in spring (300 electric), 3281 bikes and 329 stations at season end; 4,910,240 rentals, a million more than in 2022, when almost 5 thousand bikes were available; 5.62 rentals per bike per day, 131% above 2020–2022; 924,935 e-bike rentals, almost 19%. Names Nextbike Polska as operator.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
ZDM Warszawa — 14. sezon Veturilo za nami (2025 season summary) zdm.waw.pl · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-16ec0b7420fd6a36
Publisher
Name not classified · zdm.waw.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-12-04
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

ZDM's 2025 season summary: over 230 thousand people, 4.62 million rentals, 9.6 million km, 344 stations and 3460 bikes, 4.86 rentals per bike per day, average trip 22 minutes 48 seconds and about 3.66 km; linked systems in Józefów, Otwock, Piaseczno and Pruszków.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
SmartRide.pl — Statystyki Veturilo i Nextbike Polska za sezon 2025 smartride.pl · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-aa9e2237016a09fc
Publisher
Name not classified · smartride.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-12-03
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Report from Nextbike Polska's 2025 press briefing: 4.62 million rentals in Warsaw against 4.79 million in 2024; 232 thousand unique users against 230 thousand; the operator's spokesman says the 300 e-bikes generated 15% of all trips.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Życie Warszawy — Koniec sezonu Veturilo, system całoroczny na razie niemożliwy zyciewarszawy.pl · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-f32b52691ae1f6e5
Publisher
Name not classified · zyciewarszawy.pl
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-12-02
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Newspaper report on the end of the 2025 season: the system goes into winter hibernation on 30 November until 1 March; the operator says it is ready to run all year, the decision lies with the city, and a winter service cannot be introduced for formal reasons and will most likely come only after the current contract ends, in 2029.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Nextbike — VETURILO 3.0 GBFS live feed, system information gbfs.nextbike.net · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7ac45e6df6dca7f5
Publisher
Name not classified · gbfs.nextbike.net
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-17
Dossier created
2026-10-17
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The system's live General Bikeshare Feed Specification feed (version 2.3, refreshed every 60 seconds): system name VETURILO 3.0, operator Nextbike Polska S.A., licence CC0-1.0, with linked station, bike and geofencing-zone feeds.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this file
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.