Permanent project revision

NextMuni: Real-Time Muni Predictions & the Fight Over Who Owned Them

Revision 2026-08-20-claim-baseline · effective 2026-07-26

Superseded. A later revision exists: 2026-08-21-source-dates →

unreviewed

Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 15 source dossiers.

sha256:f736cff1353fadeb64439cb0fe52f757161ef0045c76f3a7101213a9c3e0c838

All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

add /evidencePassport — Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers.
add /revisionHistory — Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision.

10: of 10 claims mapped
15: source dossiers
7: publication dates recorded
0: archives linked
0: exact locators
0: content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-81dfa88990935707 quantitative

SFMTA piloted NextBus arrival predictions on the 22 Fillmore in 1999

Published field: snippet · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: Independent press fixes the start year while reporting the replacement — the project 'replaces the 23-year-old NextBus technology (launched 1999)' — and the operator's own account describes partnering with NextBus 'more than twenty years ago'.
Caveat: Neither source names the pilot route. The 1999 date is carried by both; the 22 Fillmore is not.

Sources carrying this claim

Jerold Chinn — 'Janky' NextBus Muni prediction system gets first round of upgrades (press, 15 Nov 2022)
SFMTA — Changes Coming to NextMuni (operator, 12 Aug 2021)

Claim 2 clm-d4200859922c3822 quantitative

In 2009 a licensee claimed to own the predictions and got a rider's app pulled from the App Store

Published field: snippet · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: NextBus Information Systems told Apple it 'is the sole agent for commercial use of the NextBus real-time prediction data' and held 'exclusive rights to distribution of this data to mobile phones'; Apple pulled the rider-built app Routesy. The EFF records that developer Steven Peterson built Routesy in 2008, that NBIS demanded in June 2009 that it be discontinued, and that his attorney got Apple to restore it once the agency clarified ownership.
Caveat: NBIS was a licensee, not the agency's contractor NextBus, Inc. The entry keeps the two apart, and the claim is about the licensee.

Sources carrying this claim

Streetsblog SF — Does NextBus Own Real-Time Muni Data? (26 Jun 2009)
Electronic Frontier Foundation — Who Controls Data About Public Transportation? (Sep 2009)

Claim 3 clm-fd47eae522a70989 descriptive

the agency insisted the data was public and published a feed that November

Published field: snippet · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: SFMTA's spokesperson said in June 2009 that Muni 'owns the data in question and that the public should have access to it'; the November report records the feed going live and ends a five-month dispute.
Caveat: No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

Streetsblog SF — Does NextBus Own Real-Time Muni Data? (26 Jun 2009)
Streetsblog SF — MTA Publishes NextMuni Arrival Time Feed (12 Nov 2009)

Claim 4 clm-d3a3806fea011e30 quantitative

Cubic bought NextBus in 2013, then won the $89M contract to replace it

Published field: snippet · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: Cubic 'acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of NextBus, Inc. from Webtech Wireless, Inc.' on 24 January 2013 for CAD$20.75 million, and in October 2020 announced that SFMTA had contracted it 'in an amount not to exceed $88,980,877, for an initial term of six years with two optional five-year terms'.
Caveat: Both are vendor announcements. The $88,980,877 figure was matched against the SFMTA board calendar item of 16 June 2020, whose PDF could not be rendered here.

Sources carrying this claim

Cubic Transportation Systems Acquires NextBus, Inc. (Jan 2013)
Cubic — Cubic Wins Contract to Deliver Next Generation Customer Information System for San Francisco MTA (1 Oct 2020)

Claim 5 clm-150b2fb70ee08d16 descriptive

SFMTA states the margin of error is under one minute for predictions of five minutes or less, and under two minutes for ten-minute predictions

Published field: impact · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The operator's page states it directly: 'The margin of error overall is less than one minute for predictions of five-minutes or less. For 10-minute predictions, the margin of error is less than two minutes.'
Caveat: The page carries no date, no sample and no method, and says the times 'are simply predictions'. This is a self-reported figure, which is why the entry attributes it to SFMTA in the sentence itself.

Sources carrying this claim

SFMTA — Not Your Ordinary GPS: Tracking Your Ride (operator, accuracy claim)

Claim 6 clm-e57388b5f772a5a5 descriptive

no independent evaluation of NextMuni's prediction accuracy or of its effect on ridership was found

Published field: impact · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The nearest thing is peer-reviewed but agency-authored, and it measures stated preferences about proposed designs — how 5,856 surveyed customers said they would respond to a twenty-minute wait — rather than the accuracy of the deployed system. The replacement project page promises 'a more sophisticated and accurate vehicle arrival prediction algorithm' but publishes no accuracy target and no measurement.
Caveat: This is an absence, and an absence cannot be sourced directly. A circulating counter-figure, credited to a study by the app company Swyft, could not be verified sentence-level and is deliberately not used.

Sources carrying this claim

Lee, Tyner & Vasavda — Moving Minds: The Next Generation of Real-Time Transit Information in San Francisco (peer-reviewed, 2018)
SFMTA — Next Generation Customer Information System (operator, project page)

Claim 7 clm-845c453be2deb71c quantitative

Over 400 shelter displays lost predictions in June 2022 when AT&T switched off 3G

Published field: impact · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The operator announced that 'over 400 NextMuni displays that are currently utilizing AT&T 3G modems will no longer be able to display real-time Muni vehicle arrival predictions', and by November reported over 435 of more than 800 planned LCD replacements installed.
Caveat: No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

SFMTA — AT&T 3G Decommissioning Now Impacting NextMuni Electronic Displays (operator, 8 Jun 2022)
SFMTA — Over Half Next Generation Muni Shelter Displays Installed (operator, 2 Nov 2022)

Claim 8 clm-fe8821e09d0b1ec0 quantitative

San Francisco's predictions only became a public feed after SFMTA wrote ownership into the contract in 2009 and required the vendor to hand over an XML stream

Published field: lesson · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The renegotiated contract 'expressly declared that the MTA owns the data' and obliged the vendor that 'Contractor shall provide necessary technological assistance in placing an XML data stream (via weblink or other SFMTA approved data conveyance)'. That is the date a public developer feed existed — ten years after the pilot.
Caveat: No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

Streetsblog SF — MTA Publishes NextMuni Arrival Time Feed (12 Nov 2009)

Claim 9 clm-144fddc2c5ac8bdb descriptive

SFMTA's own deed is revocable and covers timetables only

Published field: lesson · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The deed describes itself as 'nonexclusive, limited, and revocable', reserves 'the right to alter or cease to provide the Data at any time without prior notice', forbids sublicensing, and states the scope limit plainly: 'This is not real-time data, only scheduled service.'
Caveat: No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

SFMTA — GTFS Transit Data licence (operator, the licence deed)

Claim 10 clm-1e543124178e78a1 descriptive

the real-time feed riders' apps actually use is the region's, not the city's

Published field: lesson · verbatim
Mapping: mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says: The regional 511 portal is where GTFS-Realtime lives — Trip Updates, Vehicle Positions and Service Alerts, plus SIRI and NeTEx APIs — and it lists SFMTA among its operators. Access needs a registered token, defaults to '60 requests per 3600 seconds', and carries the region's own data agreement on top of any operator terms.
Caveat: No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

511 SF Bay (Metropolitan Transportation Commission) — Transit Data

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-08-20-claim-baseline effective 2026-07-26 · created 2026-08-21

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:f736cff1353fadeb64439cb0fe52f757161ef0045c76f3a7101213a9c3e0c838

Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →

10: of 10 claims mapped
15: source dossiers
7: publication dates recorded
0: archives linked
0: exact locators
0: content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator: San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA), with NextBus, Inc. and since 2020 Cubic Transportation Systems
Actor types: utility, private
Funding model: public
Funding description: SFMTA capital budget
Cost: ≈$89M for the 2020 replacement contract (Cubic, six years plus two five-year options)
Ownership: Not recorded
Decision rights: Not recorded
Exit conditions: Not recorded

15 source dossiers

Streetsblog SF — Does NextBus Own Real-Time Muni Data? (26 Jun 2009) sf.streetsblog.org · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-3aef36150471d0b5
Publisher: Name not classified · sf.streetsblog.org
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2009-06-26
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The dispute, sentence-level. NextBus Information Systems (NBIS) told Apple it 'is the sole agent for commercial use of the NextBus real-time prediction data' and held 'exclusive rights to distribution of this data to mobile phones'; Apple pulled the rider-built app Routesy. SFMTA spokesperson Judson True countered that Muni 'owns the data in question and that the public should have access to it'. NBIS was a licensee, distinct from NextBus, Inc., the agency's contractor — the entry keeps them apart.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-d4200859922c3822
clm-fd47eae522a70989

Electronic Frontier Foundation — Who Controls Data About Public Transportation? (Sep 2009) eff.org · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-84f2ba513f9ba19a
Publisher: Name not classified · eff.org
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Independent legal read on the same facts: 'NBIS, like the NYC MTA, appears guilty of copyfraud. They've been unable to produce any proof that they do, in fact, own the data in question.' Records that developer Steven Peterson built Routesy in 2008, that NBIS demanded in June 2009 that it be discontinued, and that his attorney got Apple to restore it once SFMTA clarified ownership.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-d4200859922c3822

Streetsblog SF — MTA Publishes NextMuni Arrival Time Feed (12 Nov 2009) sf.streetsblog.org · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-49b1901f94e7f737
Publisher: Name not classified · sf.streetsblog.org
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2009-11-12
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The resolution and the contract language the entry rests on: the renegotiated contract 'expressly declared that the MTA owns the data' and obliged the vendor that 'Contractor shall provide necessary technological assistance in placing an XML data stream (via weblink or other SFMTA approved data conveyance)'. Ends a five-month dispute. This is the date a public developer feed existed — ten years after the pilot, and separate from the pilot, the citywide contract and the street displays.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-fd47eae522a70989
clm-fe8821e09d0b1ec0

SFMTA — Changes Coming to NextMuni (operator, 12 Aug 2021) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-a45b8c03be25dc8e
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2021-08-12
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Operator chronology and self-criticism: 'When the SFMTA first partnered with NextBus more than twenty years ago to create NextMuni, the real-time transit vehicle arrival predictions system was state-of-the-art.' Names the failure modes the replacement targets — inaccurate predictions near the start of routes, and 'ghost buses' that are predicted and never arrive.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-81dfa88990935707

SFMTA — Next Generation Customer Information System (operator, project page) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-de1cc422f4c752f4
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Currency check, July 2026: status still 'Implementation / Construction'; the 2023-2024 phase 'System Enhancements and MuniMobile App' is marked Completed; capital cost line $25.4 million (the SFMTA capital share, not the contract ceiling). Promises 'a more sophisticated and accurate vehicle arrival prediction algorithm' but publishes no accuracy target or measurement, which is why none is claimed here.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-e57388b5f772a5a5

Cubic — Cubic Wins Contract to Deliver Next Generation Customer Information System for San Francisco MTA (1 Oct 2020) businesswire.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-1bed567e01f2a4ba
Publisher: Name not classified · businesswire.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2020-10-01
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The replacement contract, vendor-announced: SFMTA contracted Cubic Transportation Systems 'in an amount not to exceed $88,980,877, for an initial term of six years with two optional five-year terms'. The same amount appears in the SFMTA board calendar item of 16 June 2020 (PDF too large to render in this environment; figure taken from the indexed text and matched against the vendor release).
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-d3a3806fea011e30

Cubic Transportation Systems Acquires NextBus, Inc. (Jan 2013) masstransitmag.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-ed5a6eccc12f3d4e
Publisher: Name not classified · masstransitmag.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The vendor chain: NextBus, Inc., founded 1997 in Emeryville, passed through Grey Island Systems International and Webtech Wireless before Cubic 'acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of NextBus, Inc. from Webtech Wireless, Inc.' on 24 January 2013 for CAD$20.75 million. NextBus was then in over 100 North American agencies. Cubic later folded the brand into Umo and moved the public API endpoints off webservices.nextbus.com to retro.umoiq.com.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-d3a3806fea011e30

SFMTA — GTFS Transit Data licence (operator, the licence deed) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-38f90720a202bcf1
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The licence position, verbatim: 'nonexclusive, limited, and revocable'; mandatory notice on derivative works — 'Reproduced with permission granted by the City and County of San Francisco…'; 'The License granted hereunder does not include any right to sublicense.'; SFMTA 'reserves the right to alter or cease to provide the Data at any time without prior notice'; supplied 'as is' with no warranty of accuracy. And the scope limit that matters: 'This is not real-time data, only scheduled service.'
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-144fddc2c5ac8bdb

511 SF Bay (Metropolitan Transportation Commission) — Transit Data 511.org · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-8aca195a7a160a44
Publisher: Name not classified · 511.org
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Where the real-time feed actually lives today: the regional 511 portal, not the city's. Carries GTFS, GTFS-Realtime (Trip Updates, Vehicle Positions, Service Alerts) and SIRI/NeTEx APIs, lists SFMTA among operators, requires a registered API token, defaults to '60 requests per 3600 seconds', and applies its own data agreement on top of any operator terms.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-1e543124178e78a1

SFMTA — AT&T 3G Decommissioning Now Impacting NextMuni Electronic Displays (operator, 8 Jun 2022) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-e52d92b7422a41e7
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2022-06-08
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Counterweight, sentence-level: 'over 400 NextMuni displays that are currently utilizing AT&T 3G modems will no longer be able to display real-time Muni vehicle arrival predictions'. The street-level layer of a 23-year-old system was switched off by a carrier, not by the agency. Replacement: 'over 700 new Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) displays'.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-845c453be2deb71c

SFMTA — Over Half Next Generation Muni Shelter Displays Installed (operator, 2 Nov 2022) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-b4f40956f85d259b
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2022-11-02
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Rollout progress: over 435 of 800+ planned LCDs installed, replacing the old NextBus signs, 'with an emphasis on underserved neighborhoods'. New displays add crowding data from automatic passenger counters and short-term route changes.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-845c453be2deb71c

SFMTA — Not Your Ordinary GPS: Tracking Your Ride (operator, accuracy claim) sfmta.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-73a80654ebf38adc
Publisher: Name not classified · sfmta.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
The only accuracy figures found, and they are the operator's own: 'The margin of error overall is less than one minute for predictions of five-minutes or less. For 10-minute predictions, the margin of error is less than two minutes.' The page carries no date, sample or method, and adds that the times 'are simply predictions'. A circulating counter-figure — predictions wrong close to half the time at commute hours, credited to a study by the app company Swyft — could not be verified sentence-level (the carrying SF Examiner article returned HTTP 429 repeatedly) and is deliberately not used.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-150b2fb70ee08d16

Lee, Tyner & Vasavda — Moving Minds: The Next Generation of Real-Time Transit Information in San Francisco (peer-reviewed, 2018) journals.sagepub.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-70cbdb689a719571
Publisher: Name not classified · journals.sagepub.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Transportation Research Record, 2018. A stated-preference survey of 5,856 Muni customers in English, Spanish and Chinese, run by SFMTA to design the replacement system: facing a 20-minute wait, respondents choosing Muni rose 'from 45 percent with basic information… to as much as 72 percent (with a smartphone app) or 82 percent', and with countdown signs offering alternative routes 'differences among income groups virtually disappeared'. Peer-reviewed but agency-authored, and it measures hypothetical responses to proposed designs, not the deployed system — so it does not lift this entry's evidence grade.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-e57388b5f772a5a5

Jerold Chinn — 'Janky' NextBus Muni prediction system gets first round of upgrades (press, 15 Nov 2022) jeroldchinn.medium.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-f72a50b6e22bda30
Publisher: Name not classified · jeroldchinn.medium.com
Type / language: web-page · language not classified
Published: 2022-11-15
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Independent corroboration of the start year — the project 'replaces the 23-year-old NextBus technology (launched 1999)' — and of the handover: SFMTA CTO Lisa Walton called the November 2022 switch 'a soft launch of the new software', phased through 2024, with roughly 800 solar-powered signs for locations without power.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: clm-81dfa88990935707

IET/IEE — London Transport's Countdown system: a leader in the bus transport revolution (1993) (precedence check) ieeexplore.ieee.org · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID: src-6ae21ee7ef204ce0
Publisher: Name not classified · ieeexplore.ieee.org
Type / language: pdf · language not classified
Published: Not recorded
Updated: Not recorded
Source last checked: No source-level check date
Record last verified: 2026-07-26
Dossier created: 2026-08-21
Retrieved copy: No local capture recorded
Archive: No archived copy linked
Content hash: No captured content hash
Locator: Open the recorded source note
Why this entry claims no superlative. London Transport trialled Passenger Information at Bus Stops on Route 18 in 1992 and installed the first Countdown signs in autumn 1992 — street-level arrival displays seven years before San Francisco's pilot; the 1993 conference paper independently fixes the system before 1994. A US research precedent also exists: MyBus, built at the University of Washington by Daniel Dailey in the mid-1990s, which was not verified sentence-level here and is therefore only noted, not asserted. San Francisco is early and consequential, not first — and it is by some years the oldest real-time transit feed in this atlas.
Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked: Background source; no baseline claim points here

Known limits of this passport

Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.