1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

Jakarta's Subsidence Monitoring & Groundwater-Free Zones

Revision 2026-10-05-baseline · effective 2026-10-05

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 13 claims and 9 source dossiers.

sha256:23b527d7c23dccb0ad9a160f02bfd796ac8a32ad4042c6135bc43cf2a077c4d8
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • add /evidencePassport — Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers.
  • add /revisionHistory — Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision.
13
of 13 claims mapped
9
source dossiers
9
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-b42bbd61687ceffd quantitative
Geodesists at Bandung Institute of Technology have tracked Jakarta sinking since the 1970s using levelling, GPS and InSAR, measuring typical rates of 3-10 cm a year between 1974 and 2010
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Three of the four authors are in the Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung; 'The results obtained from leveling surveys, GPS surveys and InSAR technique over the period between 1974 and 2010 show ... typical rates of about 3–10 cm year−1'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Abidin, Andreas, Gumilar and Brinkman — risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta (Proc. IAHS 372, 2015)
Claim 2 clm-76942fc85ff3a143 quantitative
by the city's count, up to 20-28 cm a year at certain locations
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
'Beberapa wilayah mengalami penurunan 1-15 sentimeter per tahun dan beberapa lokasi lainnya dapat mengalami penurunan hingga 20-28 sentimeter per tahun.'
Caveat
The city page gives no period or method for these rates.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Pemprov DKI Jakarta — efficient water use
Claim 3 clm-8c0bd204e4aef6a9 descriptive
driven largely by groundwater pumping alongside construction loads and natural compaction
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
'The main causative factors of land subsidence in Jakarta are most probably excessive groundwater extraction, load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), and natural consolidation of alluvial soil.'
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Abidin, Andreas, Gumilar and Brinkman — risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta (Proc. IAHS 372, 2015)
Claim 4 clm-62487dc914b55331 quantitative
Governor Regulation 93/2021, in force since 1 August 2023
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The regulation's transitional articles apply the ban 'mulai tanggal 1 Agustus 2023'; the city page: 'per 1 Agustus 2023 melalui Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 93 Tahun 2021 ... secara resmi melarang penggunaan air tanah'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. JDIH DKI Jakarta — Governor Regulation 93/2021 on groundwater-free zones
  2. Pemprov DKI Jakarta — efficient water use
Claim 5 clm-ee88d71d6b14aca1 quantitative
bars buildings of 5,000 m2 or eight floors and above inside nine designated areas and twelve road segments from pumping
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Regulation: buildings with 'luas lantai 5.000 m2 (lima ribu meter persegi) atau lebih' or 'jumlah lantai 8 (delapan) atau lebih'; the city page: the ban 'berlaku di 12 area jalan hingga 9 kawasan'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. JDIH DKI Jakarta — Governor Regulation 93/2021 on groundwater-free zones
  2. Pemprov DKI Jakarta — efficient water use
Claim 6 clm-d2d4c029c394b5de descriptive
requires calibrated meters reporting into the water agency's system
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Owners must install automatic water-recording devices and ensure they are 'terkalibrasi dan terintegrasi dengan sistem informasi pengambilan Air Tanah otomatis'.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. JDIH DKI Jakarta — Governor Regulation 93/2021 on groundwater-free zones
Claim 7 clm-d0f4103144b163ff quantitative
By February 2024 the agency counted 396 of 496 qualifying buildings on piped water; 70 still used both
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Jakarta Water Resources Agency official, 27 Feb 2024: 'Dari 496, sebanyak 396 bangunan telah menggunakan air perpipaan ... 70 bangunan menggunakan air perpipaan dan air tanah bersamaan.'
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024)
Claim 8 clm-31dadbf45e8c0e7f quantitative
In April 2025 it began consulting on extending the zones to three more areas in North Jakarta.
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The agency held a consultation on 25 April 2025 on the 'Rencana Implementasi Perluasan Zona Bebas Air Tanah' covering Jl. Letjen Suprapto, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan and the Kelapa Gading area.
Caveat
A plan under consultation; no extension had been enacted in the sources read.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Dinas Sumber Daya Air DKI Jakarta — consultation on extending the groundwater-free zone to three North Jakarta areas (25 Apr 2025)
Claim 9 clm-eb10ec5adafe9742 quantitative
Of 496 qualifying buildings audited by February 2024, 396 had switched to piped water, 70 still used both sources and 5 remained on groundwater alone
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
'Dari 496, sebanyak 396 bangunan telah menggunakan air perpipaan. Sementara 5 bangunan masih menyedot air tanah dan 70 bangunan menggunakan air perpipaan dan air tanah bersamaan.'
Caveat
The agency's own figures; it does not say how many of the 396 had used groundwater before the ban.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024)
Claim 10 clm-fdb84c660f8b7bdd descriptive
the rest, per the agency, relied on tanker deliveries or had not reported their supply
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
'Sedangkan sisanya ada yang menggunakan truk tangki serta belum memberikan data.'
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024)
Claim 11 clm-0b8df61018caf6ae quantitative
PAM Jaya piped coverage reached 80.24% of Jakarta at the end of 2025
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
'hingga akhir tahun 2025, PAM JAYA telah melayani total 1.178.022 pelanggan dengan tingkat cakupan pelayanan mencapai 80,24 persen.'
Caveat
The utility's own figure.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. detikNews — piped water coverage reaches 80.24% in 2025 (26 Jan 2026)
Claim 12 clm-4e8bae27d39eb47c quantitative
Jakarta's subsidence had already slowed before the ban commenced — peer-reviewed InSAR puts the 2015-2020 rate near 3 cm a year
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
Phys.org on Wu et al.: 'From 2015 to 2020, however, subsidence fell and most drastically in Jakarta where it was 3 centimeters per year', with rates having 'slowed significantly likely due to reduced groundwater extraction rates implemented as government regulations'.
Caveat
The authors attribute the slowing to earlier groundwater regulation, not to Regulation 93/2021, which took effect only in 2023.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Wu, Wei and D'Hondt — subsidence in coastal cities observed by InSAR (Geophysical Research Letters 49, 2022)
  2. Phys.org — Asia's coastal cities sinking faster than sea-level rise
Claim 13 clm-6eba4fc8a647d916 descriptive
buildings still fall back on wells when supply falters
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The agency found building managers 'masih menggunakan air tanah' in emergencies, when piped supply was interrupted (headline: high-rises still using groundwater 'saat emergency').
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024)

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-10-05-baseline effective 2026-10-05 · created 2026-10-05

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:23b527d7c23dccb0ad9a160f02bfd796ac8a32ad4042c6135bc43cf2a077c4d8
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
13
of 13 claims mapped
9
source dossiers
9
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Dinas Sumber Daya Air, Provinsi DKI Jakarta (with PAM Jaya as piped-water supplier)
Actor types
city-government, utility
Funding model
public
Funding description
Not recorded
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

9 source dossiers

JDIH DKI Jakarta — Governor Regulation 93/2021 on groundwater-free zones jdih.jakarta.go.id · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-fbba33af426473bd
Publisher
Name not classified · jdih.jakarta.go.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-10-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Primary text. Enacted 22 October 2021, promulgated 26 October 2021, in force 1 August 2023. Sets the building criteria (5,000 m2 floor area and/or 8 floors), the obligation to install calibrated automatic water-recording devices on inlet lines integrated with the Water Resources Agency's automatic abstraction information system, water-balance reporting, and the sanctions ladder from written warning to licence revocation.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Pemprov DKI Jakarta — efficient water use jakarta.go.id · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-d801c15531746ac0
Publisher
Name not classified · jakarta.go.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-07-01
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Official city page confirming the ban took effect 1 August 2023 under Governor Regulation 93/2021, that it covers nine areas and twelve road segments rather than the whole city, and giving the city's own subsidence figures: 1-15 cm/year in some areas, 20-28 cm/year at certain locations.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Abidin, Andreas, Gumilar and Brinkman — risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta (Proc. IAHS 372, 2015) piahs.copernicus.org · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-b095aba609233be2
Publisher
Name not classified · piahs.copernicus.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2015-11-12
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Peer-reviewed, open access. Source for the measured rates with their period: typical 3-10 cm/year across 1974-2010, spatially and temporally variable, measured by levelling, GPS and InSAR; identifies excessive groundwater extraction, construction loading and natural consolidation as the causative factors.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Wu, Wei and D'Hondt — subsidence in coastal cities observed by InSAR (Geophysical Research Letters 49, 2022) agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8cd90cf8713a43ef
Publisher
Name not classified · agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-03-30
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Peer-reviewed InSAR study of 99 coastal cities over 2015-2020. Supports the counterweight in the lesson: Jakarta's rate fell to roughly 3 cm/year in that window, before the 2023 commencement date. Publisher blocks automated fetching; content verified via search and the report below.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Phys.org — Asia's coastal cities sinking faster than sea-level rise phys.org · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-be688739215970bd
Publisher
Name not classified · phys.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-04-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Fetchable report on the Wu et al. paper, carrying the authors' direct statement that subsidence rates in Jakarta and Shanghai have slowed significantly, likely due to reduced groundwater extraction implemented as government regulations, and giving Jakarta's 2015-2020 rate as about 3 cm/year.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024) news.detik.com · 4 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-9d8893b75b3e4199
Publisher
Name not classified · news.detik.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-02-27
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Source for the compliance figures, attributed to the Jakarta Water Resources Agency: 496 qualifying buildings evaluated, 396 on piped water, 5 still on groundwater alone, 70 using both, and buildings still falling back on wells during supply interruptions.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
detikNews — piped water coverage reaches 80.24% in 2025 (26 Jan 2026) news.detik.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-c4f5d8a081bfc209
Publisher
Name not classified · news.detik.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-01-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Dated utility figure for piped-water coverage: 80.24 percent at end-2025 across 1,178,022 connections, a rise of 12.59 percentage points since 2023 against 10.77 points over the whole 1998-2023 period.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Jakarta Globe — Constitutional Court confirms Jakarta is still the capital jakartaglobe.id · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-d135a44685fb2245
Publisher
Name not classified · jakartaglobe.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-05-13
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Supports the Nusantara clause in the lesson: as of the May 2026 ruling Jakarta remained the legal capital, with transfer to Nusantara pending a presidential decree.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Dinas Sumber Daya Air DKI Jakarta — consultation on extending the groundwater-free zone to three North Jakarta areas (25 Apr 2025) dsda.jakarta.go.id · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-92bde99b6de6fc09
Publisher
Name not classified · dsda.jakarta.go.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-04-25
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-05
Dossier created
2026-10-05
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The water agency's notice of a consultation on extending the groundwater-free zone (ZOBAT) to Jl. Letjen Suprapto, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan and the Kelapa Gading area, presented as a step to move users from groundwater to PAM Jaya's piped network.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this file
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.