{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "jakarta-subsidence-groundwater", "title": "Jakarta's Subsidence Monitoring & Groundwater-Free Zones", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/jakarta-subsidence-groundwater/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-10-05-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-10-05-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-10-05T22:28:36Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-10-05", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 13 claims and 9 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:23b527d7c23dccb0ad9a160f02bfd796ac8a32ad4042c6135bc43cf2a077c4d8", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-10-05", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:c18ebf87d5edb4cb952d7a8da962a77c43c91ff0ceea64fee1f712015b9dc3a6", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2021, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Dinas Sumber Daya Air, Provinsi DKI Jakarta (with PAM Jaya as piped-water supplier)", "actorTypes": [ "city-government", "utility" ], "fundingModel": "public", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-b42bbd61687ceffd", "field": "snippet", "text": "Geodesists at Bandung Institute of Technology have tracked Jakarta sinking since the 1970s using levelling, GPS and InSAR, measuring typical rates of 3-10 cm a year between 1974 and 2010", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b095aba609233be2" ], "supportNote": "Three of the four authors are in the Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung; 'The results obtained from leveling surveys, GPS surveys and InSAR technique over the period between 1974 and 2010 show ... typical rates of about 3–10 cm year−1'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-76942fc85ff3a143", "field": "snippet", "text": "by the city's count, up to 20-28 cm a year at certain locations", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d801c15531746ac0" ], "supportNote": "'Beberapa wilayah mengalami penurunan 1-15 sentimeter per tahun dan beberapa lokasi lainnya dapat mengalami penurunan hingga 20-28 sentimeter per tahun.'", "caveat": "The city page gives no period or method for these rates.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-8c0bd204e4aef6a9", "field": "snippet", "text": "driven largely by groundwater pumping alongside construction loads and natural compaction", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b095aba609233be2" ], "supportNote": "'The main causative factors of land subsidence in Jakarta are most probably excessive groundwater extraction, load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), and natural consolidation of alluvial soil.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-62487dc914b55331", "field": "snippet", "text": "Governor Regulation 93/2021, in force since 1 August 2023", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fbba33af426473bd", "src-d801c15531746ac0" ], "supportNote": "The regulation's transitional articles apply the ban 'mulai tanggal 1 Agustus 2023'; the city page: 'per 1 Agustus 2023 melalui Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 93 Tahun 2021 ... secara resmi melarang penggunaan air tanah'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ee88d71d6b14aca1", "field": "snippet", "text": "bars buildings of 5,000 m2 or eight floors and above inside nine designated areas and twelve road segments from pumping", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fbba33af426473bd", "src-d801c15531746ac0" ], "supportNote": "Regulation: buildings with 'luas lantai 5.000 m2 (lima ribu meter persegi) atau lebih' or 'jumlah lantai 8 (delapan) atau lebih'; the city page: the ban 'berlaku di 12 area jalan hingga 9 kawasan'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-d2d4c029c394b5de", "field": "snippet", "text": "requires calibrated meters reporting into the water agency's system", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fbba33af426473bd" ], "supportNote": "Owners must install automatic water-recording devices and ensure they are 'terkalibrasi dan terintegrasi dengan sistem informasi pengambilan Air Tanah otomatis'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-d0f4103144b163ff", "field": "snippet", "text": "By February 2024 the agency counted 396 of 496 qualifying buildings on piped water; 70 still used both", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-9d8893b75b3e4199" ], "supportNote": "Jakarta Water Resources Agency official, 27 Feb 2024: 'Dari 496, sebanyak 396 bangunan telah menggunakan air perpipaan ... 70 bangunan menggunakan air perpipaan dan air tanah bersamaan.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-31dadbf45e8c0e7f", "field": "snippet", "text": "In April 2025 it began consulting on extending the zones to three more areas in North Jakarta.", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-92bde99b6de6fc09" ], "supportNote": "The agency held a consultation on 25 April 2025 on the 'Rencana Implementasi Perluasan Zona Bebas Air Tanah' covering Jl. Letjen Suprapto, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan and the Kelapa Gading area.", "caveat": "A plan under consultation; no extension had been enacted in the sources read.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-eb10ec5adafe9742", "field": "impact", "text": "Of 496 qualifying buildings audited by February 2024, 396 had switched to piped water, 70 still used both sources and 5 remained on groundwater alone", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-9d8893b75b3e4199" ], "supportNote": "'Dari 496, sebanyak 396 bangunan telah menggunakan air perpipaan. Sementara 5 bangunan masih menyedot air tanah dan 70 bangunan menggunakan air perpipaan dan air tanah bersamaan.'", "caveat": "The agency's own figures; it does not say how many of the 396 had used groundwater before the ban.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fdb84c660f8b7bdd", "field": "impact", "text": "the rest, per the agency, relied on tanker deliveries or had not reported their supply", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-9d8893b75b3e4199" ], "supportNote": "'Sedangkan sisanya ada yang menggunakan truk tangki serta belum memberikan data.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0b8df61018caf6ae", "field": "impact", "text": "PAM Jaya piped coverage reached 80.24% of Jakarta at the end of 2025", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-c4f5d8a081bfc209" ], "supportNote": "'hingga akhir tahun 2025, PAM JAYA telah melayani total 1.178.022 pelanggan dengan tingkat cakupan pelayanan mencapai 80,24 persen.'", "caveat": "The utility's own figure.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-4e8bae27d39eb47c", "field": "lesson", "text": "Jakarta's subsidence had already slowed before the ban commenced — peer-reviewed InSAR puts the 2015-2020 rate near 3 cm a year", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8cd90cf8713a43ef", "src-be688739215970bd" ], "supportNote": "Phys.org on Wu et al.: 'From 2015 to 2020, however, subsidence fell and most drastically in Jakarta where it was 3 centimeters per year', with rates having 'slowed significantly likely due to reduced groundwater extraction rates implemented as government regulations'.", "caveat": "The authors attribute the slowing to earlier groundwater regulation, not to Regulation 93/2021, which took effect only in 2023.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6eba4fc8a647d916", "field": "lesson", "text": "buildings still fall back on wells when supply falters", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-9d8893b75b3e4199" ], "supportNote": "The agency found building managers 'masih menggunakan air tanah' in emergencies, when piped supply was interrupted (headline: high-rises still using groundwater 'saat emergency').", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-fbba33af426473bd", "title": "JDIH DKI Jakarta — Governor Regulation 93/2021 on groundwater-free zones", "url": "https://jdih.jakarta.go.id/dokumen/detail/1797", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "jdih.jakarta.go.id", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-62487dc914b55331", "clm-ee88d71d6b14aca1", "clm-d2d4c029c394b5de" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-10-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Primary text. Enacted 22 October 2021, promulgated 26 October 2021, in force 1 August 2023. Sets the building criteria (5,000 m2 floor area and/or 8 floors), the obligation to install calibrated automatic water-recording devices on inlet lines integrated with the Water Resources Agency's automatic abstraction information system, water-balance reporting, and the sanctions ladder from written warning to licence revocation.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-d801c15531746ac0", "title": "Pemprov DKI Jakarta — efficient water use", "url": "https://www.jakarta.go.id/index.php/page/efisiensi-penggunaan-air", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "jakarta.go.id", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-76942fc85ff3a143", "clm-62487dc914b55331", "clm-ee88d71d6b14aca1" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-07-01", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Official city page confirming the ban took effect 1 August 2023 under Governor Regulation 93/2021, that it covers nine areas and twelve road segments rather than the whole city, and giving the city's own subsidence figures: 1-15 cm/year in some areas, 20-28 cm/year at certain locations.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-b095aba609233be2", "title": "Abidin, Andreas, Gumilar and Brinkman — risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta (Proc. IAHS 372, 2015)", "url": "https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/372/115/2015/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "piahs.copernicus.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b42bbd61687ceffd", "clm-8c0bd204e4aef6a9" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2015-11-12", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Peer-reviewed, open access. Source for the measured rates with their period: typical 3-10 cm/year across 1974-2010, spatially and temporally variable, measured by levelling, GPS and InSAR; identifies excessive groundwater extraction, construction loading and natural consolidation as the causative factors.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-8cd90cf8713a43ef", "title": "Wu, Wei and D'Hondt — subsidence in coastal cities observed by InSAR (Geophysical Research Letters 49, 2022)", "url": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022GL098477", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-4e8bae27d39eb47c" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-03-30", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Peer-reviewed InSAR study of 99 coastal cities over 2015-2020. Supports the counterweight in the lesson: Jakarta's rate fell to roughly 3 cm/year in that window, before the 2023 commencement date. Publisher blocks automated fetching; content verified via search and the report below.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-be688739215970bd", "title": "Phys.org — Asia's coastal cities sinking faster than sea-level rise", "url": "https://phys.org/news/2022-04-asia-coastal-cities-faster-sea.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "phys.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-4e8bae27d39eb47c" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-04-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Fetchable report on the Wu et al. paper, carrying the authors' direct statement that subsidence rates in Jakarta and Shanghai have slowed significantly, likely due to reduced groundwater extraction implemented as government regulations, and giving Jakarta's 2015-2020 rate as about 3 cm/year.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-9d8893b75b3e4199", "title": "detikNews — high-rises still found using groundwater (27 Feb 2024)", "url": "https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7214883/pemprov-dki-masih-temukan-gedung-tinggi-gunakan-air-tanah-saat-emergency", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "news.detik.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-d0f4103144b163ff", "clm-eb10ec5adafe9742", "clm-fdb84c660f8b7bdd", "clm-6eba4fc8a647d916" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-02-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Source for the compliance figures, attributed to the Jakarta Water Resources Agency: 496 qualifying buildings evaluated, 396 on piped water, 5 still on groundwater alone, 70 using both, and buildings still falling back on wells during supply interruptions.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-c4f5d8a081bfc209", "title": "detikNews — piped water coverage reaches 80.24% in 2025 (26 Jan 2026)", "url": "https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8325128/pam-jaya-perluas-akses-air-perpipaan-cakupan-tembus-80-24-di-2025", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "news.detik.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-0b8df61018caf6ae" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-01-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Dated utility figure for piped-water coverage: 80.24 percent at end-2025 across 1,178,022 connections, a rise of 12.59 percentage points since 2023 against 10.77 points over the whole 1998-2023 period.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-d135a44685fb2245", "title": "Jakarta Globe — Constitutional Court confirms Jakarta is still the capital", "url": "https://jakartaglobe.id/news/constitutional-court-confirms-jakarta-still-indonesias-capital-not-nusantara", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "jakartaglobe.id", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-05-13", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Supports the Nusantara clause in the lesson: as of the May 2026 ruling Jakarta remained the legal capital, with transfer to Nusantara pending a presidential decree.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-92bde99b6de6fc09", "title": "Dinas Sumber Daya Air DKI Jakarta — consultation on extending the groundwater-free zone to three North Jakarta areas (25 Apr 2025)", "url": "https://dsda.jakarta.go.id/detail-artikel/dinas-sda-lakukan-sosialisasi-rencana-perluasan-zobat-di-3-kawasan-di-jakarta-utara/46", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dsda.jakarta.go.id", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-31dadbf45e8c0e7f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-04-25", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The water agency's notice of a consultation on extending the groundwater-free zone (ZOBAT) to Jl. Letjen Suprapto, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan and the Kelapa Gading area, presented as a step to move users from groundwater to PAM Jaya's piped network.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 13, "claimsMapped": 13, "sourcesTotal": 9, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 8, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 9, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }