1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

Regulating Dockless Bike-Share by Data: Monitoring Platform & Electronic Fences

Revision 2026-08-27-p1-quality-uplift · effective 2026-07-26

Superseded. A later revision exists: 2026-08-27-correction-run →

unreviewed

Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 9 source dossiers.

sha256:706099d5dfda5ae3a08f823482555da4140b0792fd8e58a07404ca7a45284b2f
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • add /evidencePassport — Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers.
  • add /revisionHistory — Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision.
11
of 11 claims mapped
9
source dossiers
7
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-1642d7dec73b8668 quantitative
After 15 companies put more than 2.35 million dockless bikes on the streets, Beijing froze new deployments in September 2017 and regulated rather than banned
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
Asia Times, 8 September 2017: the commission ordered operators to stop adding bikes, after 15 companies had put more than 2.35 million bikes in the city.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Asia Times — Beijing joins other cities to halt growth of shared bikes (8 Sep 2017)
Claim 2 clm-4fcd689225a32661 descriptive
operators must stream fleet, parking and trip data to a municipal platform, and the transport commission sets seasonal caps on how many bikes each may deploy
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The policy interpretation confirms total-quantity control, electronic fencing, platform monitoring and user-funds rules; Beijing News sets out the seasonal caps; Yicai Global records the November 2017 deadline for operators to link their data to the government platform.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — policy interpretation of the Interim Measures for Supervision of Internet Rental Bicycle Operation Services (20 Jul 2023)
  2. Beijing News (Xinjing Bao) — how Beijing sets the shared-bike deployment cap (14 Sep 2022)
  3. Yicai Global — Beijing to mark out digital parking areas for shared bikes (28 Sep 2017)
Claim 3 clm-f3c8540b1fbeb7ad quantitative
a 2023 supervision rulebook made them binding and a 2024 city plan extended in-fence parking to every rail-station entrance, with all bikes moving to high-precision satellite positioning
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The 2023 policy interpretation of the Interim Measures sets the binding obligations; the 2024 Comprehensive Transport Action Plan mandates in-fence parking management at all rail-station entrances and the move of whole fleets to high-precision satellite positioning.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — policy interpretation of the Interim Measures for Supervision of Internet Rental Bicycle Operation Services (20 Jul 2023)
  2. Beijing Municipal Government — 2024 Comprehensive Transport Action Plan (18 Mar 2024)
Claim 4 clm-6c5da3c065ce59df quantitative
ofo, ran out of money in 2018 and left millions of users queueing for deposit refunds that never came
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The China Project, 3 August 2020: ofo, founded 2015, was out of money in 2018, with a refund queue of over 15 million users and refunds down to roughly ten a day by 2020.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The China Project — 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds (3 Aug 2020)
Claim 5 clm-245e9eb0a95ed6d4 quantitative
1.144 billion shared-bicycle trips in 2024, a daily average of 3.13 million, and each bike rented 3.31 times a day — operator data reported to the city's own regulatory platform, with no independent audit located
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The transport commission's H2 2024 supervision notice gives 1.144bn trips for the full year, a 3.1258m daily average and 3.31 daily turns per bike; the figures originate with the operators reporting to the city's platform.
Caveat
Reported by the operators to the regulator that publishes them; no outside verification has been located.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport — industry operation and supervision notice, H2 2024 (30 May 2025)
Claim 6 clm-f77d3385a2c46fc9 quantitative
no more than 800,000 bikes in the central districts from April to November and 500,000 from December to March, against about 998,500 citywide in August 2022
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
Beijing News, 14 September 2022: the seasonal caps in the central districts are no more than 800,000 bikes from April to November and 500,000 from December to March, with about 998,500 vehicles citywide as of August 2022.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing News (Xinjing Bao) — how Beijing sets the shared-bike deployment cap (14 Sep 2022)
Claim 7 clm-da20650d60ad3e86 quantitative
the fleet held under 800,000 across the six central districts through 2022 on 968 million trips
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
Beijing Daily, 30 March 2023: 968 million trips in 2022, with the fleet held under 800,000 across the six central districts, and new bikes carrying Beidou high-precision modules accurate to below a metre in open areas.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Daily — 2022 ridership and Beidou positioning (30 Mar 2023)
Claim 8 clm-743e808bc5b04e9d quantitative
ofo ran out of money in 2018 and left a refund queue of more than 15 million users, down to roughly ten repayments a day by 2020
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The China Project records the refund queue of over 15 million users and repayments down to roughly ten a day by 2020.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The China Project — 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds (3 Aug 2020)
Claim 9 clm-c68fa90876bc5bb2 quantitative
The freeze came first, in September 2017; the streamed fleet data, the geofences and the seasonal quotas followed
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
Asia Times dates the deployment freeze to September 2017; Yicai Global reports the digital-fence announcement and the November 2017 data-linking deadline; the binding supervision rules came in 2023.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Asia Times — Beijing joins other cities to halt growth of shared bikes (8 Sep 2017)
  2. Yicai Global — Beijing to mark out digital parking areas for shared bikes (28 Sep 2017)
  3. Beijing Municipal Government — policy interpretation of the Interim Measures for Supervision of Internet Rental Bicycle Operation Services (20 Jul 2023)
Claim 10 clm-5c494802aee08a72 quantitative
the 2024 plan pushed every bike onto high-precision satellite positioning so a fence could actually refuse a parking
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The 2024 Comprehensive Transport Action Plan mandates the move of whole fleets to high-precision satellite positioning; the commission's 2024 technical requirements set the standard for applying electronic fences.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Beijing Municipal Government — 2024 Comprehensive Transport Action Plan (18 Mar 2024)
  2. Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport — technical requirements for electronic fences (23 Jan 2024)
Claim 11 clm-56b5a07f04405f55 quantitative
the deposits taken during the boom were gone before the platform existed, and fifteen million people were still waiting years later
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The China Project, in 2020, reports more than 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds two years after the company ran out of money.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. The China Project — 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds (3 Aug 2020)

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-08-27-p1-quality-uplift effective 2026-07-26 · created 2026-08-27

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

Erratum on this revision's envelope. The snapshot, its hash and its permanent link are untouched.

  • createdAt previously read 2026-08-28T01:00:00Z. The batching script that produced this revision advanced createdAt into the future to satisfy the strictly-increasing order the validator requires per entity. The value never recorded a real event; the corrected value is the moment the revision provably existed in the repository. Corrected to 2026-08-27T00:14:45Z on 2026-08-27; evidence: first appears in commit 4565ba19f5, committed 2026-08-27T00:14:45Z.
sha256:706099d5dfda5ae3a08f823482555da4140b0792fd8e58a07404ca7a45284b2f
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
11
of 11 claims mapped
9
source dossiers
7
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport
Actor types
city-government
Funding model
Not recorded
Funding description
Not recorded
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

9 source dossiers

Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport — industry operation and supervision notice, H2 2024 (30 May 2025) jtw.beijing.gov.cn · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-18156802a39f96b8
Publisher
Name not classified · jtw.beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Authority source for the 2024 figures: 1.144bn trips full-year, 3.1258m daily average, 3.31 daily turns per bike, and the three remaining operators. The page does not respond to retrieval from this environment, so no publication date is recorded.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport — technical requirements for electronic fences (23 Jan 2024) jtw.beijing.gov.cn · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-1e6390c1509ad022
Publisher
Name not classified · jtw.beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-01-23
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Dedicated municipal technical standard for electronic-fence application, building on local standard DB11/T 1899-2021. The page carries 23 January 2024 as its date.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Government — policy interpretation of the Interim Measures for Supervision of Internet Rental Bicycle Operation Services (20 Jul 2023) beijing.gov.cn · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a1323d8886121522
Publisher
Name not classified · beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-07-20
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Confirms the binding obligations: total-quantity control, electronic fencing, platform monitoring, and user-funds/deposit rules.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Municipal Government — 2024 Comprehensive Transport Action Plan (18 Mar 2024) beijing.gov.cn · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-af328d58beb9d173
Publisher
Name not classified · beijing.gov.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2024-03-18
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Source for the mandate that operators move their whole fleets to high-precision satellite positioning and that all rail-station entrances get in-fence parking management.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing News (Xinjing Bao) — how Beijing sets the shared-bike deployment cap (14 Sep 2022) m.bjnews.com.cn · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-121a70bbcd34039c
Publisher
Name not classified · m.bjnews.com.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2022-09-14
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Source for the seasonal caps in the central districts: no more than 800,000 bikes April-November, 500,000 December-March; ~998,500 vehicles citywide as of August 2022.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Beijing Daily — 2022 ridership and Beidou positioning (30 Mar 2023) news.bjd.com.cn · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-468b0347013a0bbb
Publisher
Name not classified · news.bjd.com.cn
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-03-30
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

968 million trips in 2022; fleet held under 800,000 across the six central districts; new bikes carry Beidou high-precision modules with sub-metre accuracy in open areas.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Asia Times — Beijing joins other cities to halt growth of shared bikes (8 Sep 2017) asiatimes.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-6e818cfef59b4752
Publisher
Name not classified · asiatimes.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2017-09-08
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Dated source for the freeze: the commission ordered operators to stop adding bikes; 15 companies had put more than 2.35 million bikes in the city.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Yicai Global — Beijing to mark out digital parking areas for shared bikes (28 Sep 2017) yicaiglobal.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-065dbba539ec7736
Publisher
Name not classified · yicaiglobal.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Commission announcement of the unified digital-fence system shown inside operator apps and the November 2017 deadline for companies to link data to the government platform. The article body is not retrievable for a publication date.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
The China Project — 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds (3 Aug 2020) thechinaproject.com · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-2e82d9f47db5a23d
Publisher
Name not classified · thechinaproject.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2020-08-03
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-28
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Source for the collapse: ofo founded 2015, out of money in 2018, refund queue over 15 million users, refunds down to roughly ten a day by 2020.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this passport
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.