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  "title": "Regulating Dockless Bike-Share by Data: Monitoring Platform & Electronic Fences",
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      "text": "After 15 companies put more than 2.35 million dockless bikes on the streets, Beijing froze new deployments in September 2017 and regulated rather than banned",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "operators must stream fleet, parking and trip data to a municipal platform, and the transport commission sets seasonal caps on how many bikes each may deploy",
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      "text": "a 2023 supervision rulebook made them binding and a 2024 city plan extended in-fence parking to every rail-station entrance, with all bikes moving to high-precision satellite positioning",
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      "text": "ofo, ran out of money in 2018 and left millions of users queueing for deposit refunds that never came",
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      "text": "1.144 billion shared-bicycle trips in 2024, a daily average of 3.13 million, and each bike rented 3.31 times a day — operator data reported to the city's own regulatory platform, with no independent audit located",
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      "text": "no more than 800,000 bikes in the central districts from April to November and 500,000 from December to March, against about 998,500 citywide in August 2022",
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      "text": "the fleet held under 800,000 across the six central districts through 2022 on 968 million trips",
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      "text": "The freeze came first, in September 2017; the streamed fleet data, the geofences and the seasonal quotas followed",
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      "text": "the deposits taken during the boom were gone before the platform existed, and fifteen million people were still waiting years later",
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      "title": "Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport — industry operation and supervision notice, H2 2024 (30 May 2025)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Source for the seasonal caps in the central districts: no more than 800,000 bikes April-November, 500,000 December-March; ~998,500 vehicles citywide as of August 2022.",
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       "value": "Dated source for the freeze: the commission ordered operators to stop adding bikes; 15 companies had put more than 2.35 million bikes in the city.",
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      "title": "Yicai Global — Beijing to mark out digital parking areas for shared bikes (28 Sep 2017)",
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      "title": "The China Project — 15 million former ofo users still waiting for deposit refunds (3 Aug 2020)",
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     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}