1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

Heat Action Plan

Revision 2026-10-13-deep-run · effective 2026-10-13

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Deep Run 2026-10-11: every source re-read and dated, present-tense statements dated, claim array completed; snippet: The probabilistic seven-day forecast was built by Georgia Tech for the 2013 pilot, when the IMD issued heat forecasts only a little over a day ahead; the IMD took over in 2016 with a five-day maximum-temperature forecast (seven days in the 2026 report). The old sentence merged the two.; snippet: These are the bands the 2018 evaluation describes for 2014–2015; the 2016 plan already draws them at 41.1–43 / 43.1–44.9 / 45°C, and no source states today's bands. Present tense moved to the evaluated years.; snippet: No source describes 'altered school hours' (2026: water breaks in municipal

sha256:0d7730ddc88b406cc42dfbe798504368f2234a9926743611c833feab3adc608c
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • replace /snapshot/projectFingerprint — Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/asOf — Updated asOf to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/claims — Updated claims to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/sources — Updated sources to the current sourced project record.
15
of 15 claims mapped
7
source dossiers
6
publication dates recorded
1
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-58dcb3b989f6e355 quantitative
a May 2010 heat wave that peaked at 46.8°C
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The study of the 2010 heat wave gives the peak temperature reached in Ahmedabad that May.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Azhar et al., PLOS ONE (peer-reviewed)
Claim 2 clm-10d6518cc252a180 quantitative
an estimated 1,344 excess deaths
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper counts 4,462 all-cause deaths in May 2010, of which 1,344 were in excess of the reference period.
Caveat
The 4,462 often quoted is the month's total, not the excess.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Azhar et al., PLOS ONE (peer-reviewed)
Claim 3 clm-17422511b9410d8b descriptive
what the peer-reviewed literature calls South Asia's first heat-health action plan
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper's own title describes the Ahmedabad plan as South Asia's first heat-health action plan.
Caveat
The superlative belongs to the city level: Odisha prepared a state heat action plan in 1999.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Knowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 4 clm-f5053f35f5225c6f quantitative
Its 2013 pilot ran on seven-day probabilistic forecasts from Georgia Tech
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper describes the 2013 pilot's early-warning system: probabilistic maximum-temperature forecasts with a seven-day lead time from a hybrid system developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology, sent to the AMC nodal officer.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Knowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 5 clm-d1ce9b731d2c890c quantitative
since 2016 the India Meteorological Department has supplied the city's maximum-temperature forecasts
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2016 plan states that the IMD in Ahmedabad will provide the maximum-temperature forecast for the plan from that year on; in March 2026 the IMD issued the city's heat alert and a seven-day forecast.
Caveat
The 2016 plan speaks of a five-day forecast; the 2026 report describes a seven-day one.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2016 (official)
  2. DeshGujarat — AMC activates Heat Action Plan as temperature crosses 41°C (press)
Claim 6 clm-58eb758463e8d9b3 quantitative
In the evaluated years a forecast of 41–42.9°C triggered a yellow alert, 43–44.9°C an orange one, and 45°C or above a red one
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation describes the alert structure used in the plan's first years: yellow for a forecast of 41–42.9°C, orange for 43–44.9°C and red for 45°C or higher.
Caveat
The 2016 plan draws the bands slightly differently (41.1–43°C, 43.1–44.9°C, 45°C or above); in 2026 the alerts reported in the press were issued by the IMD.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 7 clm-79cc41994bf3c9b8 descriptive
A nodal officer in the AMC health department coordinates the named actions
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation says alert activities were coordinated through a nodal officer in the city health department; the 2016 plan names an AMC nodal officer to head the plan and gives action checklists for each agency.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
  2. Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2016 (official)
Claim 8 clm-87591d17cab3b183 quantitative
in March 2026 these included oral rehydration at every urban health centre, separate heatstroke beds at the municipal general hospital and a 1–4 pm stop on engineering work sites
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The March 2026 report lists the AMC's measures: ORS at all urban health centres, special ORS counters and separate heatstroke beds at Ahmedabad Municipal General Hospital, and Engineering Department sites closed from 1 pm to 4 pm in summer.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DeshGujarat — AMC activates Heat Action Plan as temperature crosses 41°C (press)
Claim 9 clm-958915d840027967 quantitative
A pre/post evaluation published in 2018 compared 2007–2010 with 2014–2015
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation, published in 2018, takes 2007–2010 as the baseline and 2014–2015 as the post-intervention period.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 10 clm-ee2c9e8767399d12 quantitative
the all-cause mortality rate ratio at 47°C fell from 2.34 (95% CI 1.98–2.76) before the plan to 1.25 (95% CI 1.02–1.53) after it, estimating 1,190 (95% CI 162–2,218) annualised deaths avoided
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper is the pre/post evaluation the entry rests on: it compares heat-related mortality in 2007–2010 against 2014–2015 and reports both rate ratios and an annualised estimate of deaths avoided.
Caveat
An ecological pre/post design cannot separate the plan from everything else that changed over those years, and the authors describe it as a pilot evaluation rather than a causal estimate.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 11 clm-9d6b64b440e3d9d6 descriptive
The design is ecological: it cannot separate the plan from everything else that changed in those years, and the authors call it a pilot evaluation.
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The paper's title calls it a pilot evaluation, its discussion describes the work as an ecological study, and it names air quality and the small number of very hot days as factors it could not control for.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 12 clm-b1c8d2bbab6f953f descriptive
Heat deaths are not a notifiable disease in India, so the low counts of reported heat deaths the city has cited in later summers cannot show the plan's effect on their own.
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2023 review reports that Ahmedabad has recorded fewer than 100 heat deaths a summer in recent years and that heat illness and deaths are not notifiable diseases, so private doctors and hospitals need not report them.
Caveat
An AMC officer told the outlet in 2023 that the national government had instructed separate recording of heat deaths.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Question of Cities — Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan has more hot air, less gas (press)
Claim 13 clm-97da6754a8276003 descriptive
The plan bought almost no sensing.
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The evaluation names the plan's three key elements — community outreach, a probabilistic forecast and early-warning system, and health-care capacity building; temperature came from the existing airport weather station.
Caveat
In April 2026 the city added a QR-code service showing real-time hotspots and ward-wise temperatures.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 14 clm-7c18dfc20f7f79af descriptive
What it built was an addressee — a forecast, a numbered threshold, and one official whose job is to act on it.
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The 2016 plan appoints an AMC nodal officer to head the plan and ties colour alerts to forecast temperature bands; the evaluation describes forecast-triggered alerts coordinated by that officer.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2016 (official)
  2. Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
Claim 15 clm-8ec80e0db543d5d3 descriptive
Cities that buy the measurement and leave the last step unassigned end up with a reading nobody owns.
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this file
What the mapping says
The development paper lists designating an AMC nodal (lead) officer to direct heat-related efforts as the response to the challenge of coordinating agencies.
Caveat
The comparison with other cities is the atlas's own reading across entries, not a finding of this paper.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Knowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed)

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-10-13-deep-run effective 2026-10-13 · created 2026-10-13

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:0d7730ddc88b406cc42dfbe798504368f2234a9926743611c833feab3adc608c
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
15
of 15 claims mapped
7
source dossiers
6
publication dates recorded
1
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Amdavad Municipal Corporation health department, on forecasts from the India Meteorological Department
Actor types
city-government, national-government, research
Funding model
public
Funding description
Not recorded
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

7 source dossiers

Azhar et al., PLOS ONE (peer-reviewed) journals.plos.org · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-d7cbf5a1f5777271
Publisher
Name not classified · journals.plos.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2014-03-14
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Carries the 2010 death toll and the peak temperature: 4,462 all-cause deaths in May 2010, an excess of 1,344 deaths (a 43.1% increase on the reference period), with temperatures reaching 46.8°C. The widely quoted 4,462 is the total for the month, not the excess.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Knowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-160b5cacddf8f27b
Publisher
Name not classified · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2014-03-25
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Describes how the plan was developed and piloted in 2013; its title calls it 'South Asia's First Heat-Health Action Plan'. The pilot's forecasts were seven-day probabilistic maximum-temperature forecasts from a hybrid system built by Georgia Tech, e-mailed to the AMC nodal officer; the paper notes the IMD then issued heat forecasts only a little over a day ahead.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 7 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-37cedc22896871e7
Publisher
Name not classified · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2018-11-01
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
Open archived copy ↗ · 2026-07-18
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Pilot ecological evaluation comparing 2014–2015 with a 2007–2010 baseline. Gives the alert bands used in those years (yellow 41–42.9°C, orange 43–44.9°C, red 45°C or higher), says activities were coordinated through a nodal officer in the city health department, and reports a maximum rate ratio of 2.34 (95% CI 1.98–2.76) before and 1.25 (1.02–1.53) after the plan at 47°C, with an estimated 1,190 (95% CI 162–2,218) average annualised deaths avoided (2,380 over the two post-plan summers).

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Amdavad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2016 (official) nrdc.org · 3 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-00fec98eedc24568
Publisher
Name not classified · nrdc.org
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The AMC's updated plan, hosted by NRDC. It names an AMC nodal officer to head the plan, sets colour alerts at 41.1–43°C (yellow), 43.1–44.9°C (orange) and 45°C or above (red), lists action checklists for agencies, hospitals and health centres, and states that the IMD in Ahmedabad will supply a five-day maximum-temperature forecast from 2016 onwards.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DeshGujarat — AMC activates Heat Action Plan as temperature crosses 41°C (press) deshgujarat.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-77d7c48f962fbd8b
Publisher
Name not classified · deshgujarat.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-03-11
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Reports that the IMD issued a yellow heat alert and a seven-day forecast for Ahmedabad and that the AMC activated its Heat Action Plan: ORS at all urban health centres, special ORS counters and separate heatstroke beds at Ahmedabad Municipal General Hospital, water breaks in municipal schools, and Engineering Department work sites closed from 1 pm to 4 pm.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Question of Cities — Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan has more hot air, less gas (press) questionofcities.org · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-530ca183b4b57cbc
Publisher
Name not classified · questionofcities.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-03-24
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Ten-year review of the plan. Notes that Ahmedabad has reported fewer than 100 heat deaths a summer in recent years, that heat illness and deaths are not notifiable diseases in India, that an AMC deputy health officer derived the 'nearly 1,100 lives saved' figure from comparison with 2010, and that Odisha prepared a state heat action plan in 1999.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
News on AIR — Ahmedabad hits 44.8°C, IMD issues orange alert (press) newsonair.gov.in · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-ff49f48fc87b83ed
Publisher
Name not classified · newsonair.gov.in
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-04-28
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-10-13
Dossier created
2026-10-13
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Ahmedabad recorded 44.8°C and the IMD issued an orange alert; the AMC activated its Heat Action Plan and, for the first time, a QR-code system for real-time hotspots and ward-wise temperatures, with special monitoring in 20 wards across six zones.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Known limits of this file
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.