1001 Smart Cities
🇮🇩 Jakarta

Ganjil-Genap: Jakarta's Odd-Even Plate Rationing

🤖 AI-generated summary · ◆ 1 sourced claim · 🔎 Last verified

This overview was generated with AI from the public sources listed below and checked against them before publication. It has not had a complete human fact-check — treat it as a starting point and follow the sources.

1 sourced claim on this page, none individually verified yet — turn on “Sources in the text” to see each one.

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✎ Updated 20 Aug 2026 Publication date recorded for 1 source. What changed →

The carpool rule it replaced had grown a trade in paid stand-in passengers, some of them rented small children. The odd-even scheme that took over in 2016 does not significantly cut the city's air pollutants.

Outcome🔄 Ongoing
Evidence🔬 Peer-reviewed
what does this mean?The strongest source behind this entry is an independent peer-reviewed or academic study. It grades who did the looking — not how well the project went. All four grades →
Run byDinas Perhubungan DKI Jakarta with Polda Metro Jaya traffic police (ETLE)
Scale🏙️ City-wide

Part of 1001 Smart Cities — 1,167 documented projects · 🏙️ 10 more in Jakarta · 🚦 Traffic management guide · 🚲 Mobility projects

Jakarta scrapped its 1990s three-in-one carpool rule on 16 May 2016, after a trade in joki — paid stand-in passengers, some of them rented small children — grew up around it. The replacement rations road space by plate number: odd or even plates only, on 26 arterial corridors, weekdays 06:00-10:00 and 16:00-21:00, enforced by traffic police and ETLE number-plate cameras. A regression-discontinuity study found the restrictions do not significantly cut the city's air pollutants. Electronic road pricing, promised since the 2000s and fought over in court, still does not exist.

Live 📅 since 2016

📊 Impact

A regression-discontinuity evaluation of the odd-even expansion found the restrictions do not significantly reduce Jakarta's air pollutants (Zulkarnain and Ghiffary, International Journal of Technology, 2021).

🎓 Lesson

Rationing road space by plate number is politically cheap and quick to widen, but drivers adapt around it and the measured air-quality gain is not there. The priced alternative Jakarta has promised since the 2000s survived tenders and courts without ever opening a gantry.

🚲 MobilityTraffic managementAir qualitySensors & IoTPrivacy & personal data

Sources

↗ Ganjil Genap — Pemprov DKI JakartaPublished 9 June 2023Official page: 26 road corridors, Monday-Friday 06:00-10:00 and 16:00-21:00, 12 exempt vehicle categories, legal basis Pergub 88/2019 amending Pergub 155/2018, fine up to Rp500,000, and enforcement by both police officers and ETLE electronic ticketing.
↗ Pergub DKI Jakarta No. 164/2016 (JDIH legal database)Published 24 August 2016The original governor's regulation establishing the odd-even system, in force from 30 August 2016 after a July-August trial. PDF could not be rendered in the review sandbox; title and filename confirmed at search level.
↗ Tempo, 16 May 2016 — the three-in-one rule is abolishedDates the abolition of the three-in-one rule to 16 May 2016 and records the governor asking the traffic police the same day to study an odd-even scheme.
↗ Kompas, 30 March 2016 — the joki of three-in-oneReported interviews with the joki themselves: the paid-passenger economy that grew around the carpool rule, including the use of small children.
↗ Tempo — abolishing three-in-one ended child exploitation, says the governorPublished 16 May 2016Second, independent confirmation that child exploitation through joki was the stated reason for scrapping the rule.
Show 6 more sourcesShow fewer
↗ Zulkarnain and Ghiffary, International Journal of Technology 12(5), 925-934 (2021)Published 2021 archived copyPeer-reviewed regression-discontinuity evaluation of the odd-even expansion; concludes verbatim that the odd-even driving restrictions do not significantly reduce DKI Jakarta's air pollutants, attributing this to the scheme's selective mechanism and drivers' compensating behaviour. DOI 10.14716/ijtech.v12i5.5183.
↗ ANTARA, 7 May 2025 — there is still no electronic road pricing in JakartaJakarta's transport agency confirms ERP has not been implemented and denies reports of a rollout, saying plate rationing plus public-transport expansion remains the policy.
↗ VOI, 26 May 2025 — the governor on why ERP has not startedGovernor Pramono Anung says the supporting systems are not finished, and that even once transport links are complete it is not certain ERP will be run at all.
↗ Tempo, March 2020 — court annuls the cancellation of the ERP tenderPublished 3 March 2020The administrative court ruling on the ERP tender: procurement opened July 2018, the city cancelled it on 2 August 2019, and the bidding consortium won an annulment of that cancellation. Confirmed at search level with matching headline.
↗ Kompas, 13 March 2021 — the city wins its ERP tender appealEnd of the litigation: the city won on cassation in 2021; the ERP project nonetheless did not proceed. Confirmed at search level with matching headline.
↗ Kompas Otomotif, 20 July 2026 — odd-even is back in force this weekCurrency check: the scheme is still running on 26 corridors with unchanged hours in July 2026.

📅 How old is the evidence?

Two clocks, kept apart: when this entry’s sources were published, and what has happened to its record in the atlas. Documented span: since 2016. 10 of 11 sources carry a publication date, from 30 March 2016 to 20 July 2026.

When the sources were published

  1. Kompas · pressKompas, 30 March 2016 — the joki of three-in-one
  2. Tempo · pressTempo, 16 May 2016 — the three-in-one rule is abolished
  3. Tempo · pressTempo — abolishing three-in-one ended child exploitation, says the governor
  4. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta · city governmentPergub DKI Jakarta No. 164/2016 (JDIH legal database)
  5. Tempo · pressTempo, March 2020 — court annuls the cancellation of the ERP tender
  6. Universitas Indonesia · researchZulkarnain and Ghiffary, International Journal of Technology 12(5), 925-934 (2021)
  7. Kompas · pressKompas, 13 March 2021 — the city wins its ERP tender appeal
  8. Pemprov DKI Jakarta · city governmentGanjil Genap — Pemprov DKI Jakarta
Show 2 more dated sourcesShow fewer
  1. VOI · pressVOI, 26 May 2025 — the governor on why ERP has not started
  2. Kompas.com · pressKompas Otomotif, 20 July 2026 — odd-even is back in force this week

Every source, with links ↑

What happened to this record

  1. Sources last read
  2. Publication date recorded for 1 source
  3. Entered the record

Every revision, permanent →

Show your work What this page rests on and what it can’t tell you · all 1 claims with their sources · the forensic record

Evidence Passport · public beta 1 addressable claim, 11 source dossiers, one permanent baseline. The passport is unreviewed — an AI-assisted structural migration, not a human or expert endorsement. Every revision keeps a permanent copy under revision history.

Inspect the claims, one by one — verbatim text, sources and caveats for all 1

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-e85017cddf88f202 descriptive
A regression-discontinuity evaluation of the odd-even expansion found the restrictions do not significantly reduce Jakarta's air pollutants
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The snippet restates that the regression-discontinuity study found no significant cut in the city's air pollutants.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Zulkarnain and Ghiffary, International Journal of Technology 12(5), 925-934 (2021)
Forensic record — source dossiers, gaps, hashes and the exact revision this page renders

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-08-20-source-dates-2 effective 2026-07-26 · created 2026-08-20

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:b7e79ecb318b11165b01ce2db5a30ec6dc57c09a4184c3b8c8a01127a0c0e7fd
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
1
of 1 claims mapped
11
source dossiers
10
publication dates recorded
1
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
Dinas Perhubungan DKI Jakarta with Polda Metro Jaya traffic police (ETLE)
Actor types
city-government, national-government
Funding model
public
Funding description
Not recorded
Cost
Not recorded
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

11 source dossiers

Ganjil Genap — Pemprov DKI Jakarta jakarta.go.id · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-1caed1f32da55d88
Publisher
Name not classified · jakarta.go.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2023-06-09
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Official page: 26 road corridors, Monday-Friday 06:00-10:00 and 16:00-21:00, 12 exempt vehicle categories, legal basis Pergub 88/2019 amending Pergub 155/2018, fine up to Rp500,000, and enforcement by both police officers and ETLE electronic ticketing.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Pergub DKI Jakarta No. 164/2016 (JDIH legal database) jdih.jakarta.go.id · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-89cf87f7e9b5a017
Publisher
Name not classified · jdih.jakarta.go.id
Type / language
pdf · language not classified
Published
2016-08-24
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The original governor's regulation establishing the odd-even system, in force from 30 August 2016 after a July-August trial. PDF could not be rendered in the review sandbox; title and filename confirmed at search level.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Tempo, 16 May 2016 — the three-in-one rule is abolished metro.tempo.co · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8134cf303718ea9d
Publisher
Name not classified · metro.tempo.co
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2016-05-16
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Dates the abolition of the three-in-one rule to 16 May 2016 and records the governor asking the traffic police the same day to study an odd-even scheme.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Kompas, 30 March 2016 — the joki of three-in-one megapolitan.kompas.com · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-29e8b3ca43616b09
Publisher
Name not classified · megapolitan.kompas.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2016-03-30
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Reported interviews with the joki themselves: the paid-passenger economy that grew around the carpool rule, including the use of small children.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Tempo — abolishing three-in-one ended child exploitation, says the governor tempo.co · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8f9c02f91b2c4cc1
Publisher
Name not classified · tempo.co
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2016-05-16
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Second, independent confirmation that child exploitation through joki was the stated reason for scrapping the rule.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Zulkarnain and Ghiffary, International Journal of Technology 12(5), 925-934 (2021) scholar.ui.ac.id · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-bec717fea3a81316
Publisher
Name not classified · scholar.ui.ac.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
Open archived copy ↗ · 2025-02-11
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Peer-reviewed regression-discontinuity evaluation of the odd-even expansion; concludes verbatim that the odd-even driving restrictions do not significantly reduce DKI Jakarta's air pollutants, attributing this to the scheme's selective mechanism and drivers' compensating behaviour. DOI 10.14716/ijtech.v12i5.5183.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
ANTARA, 7 May 2025 — there is still no electronic road pricing in Jakarta m.antaranews.com · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-b19e04979807efde
Publisher
Name not classified · m.antaranews.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-05-07
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Jakarta's transport agency confirms ERP has not been implemented and denies reports of a rollout, saying plate rationing plus public-transport expansion remains the policy.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
VOI, 26 May 2025 — the governor on why ERP has not started voi.id · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-026b81c88d878c6a
Publisher
Name not classified · voi.id
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2025-05-26
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Governor Pramono Anung says the supporting systems are not finished, and that even once transport links are complete it is not certain ERP will be run at all.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Tempo, March 2020 — court annuls the cancellation of the ERP tender metro.tempo.co · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a19b0090a8e44a6b
Publisher
Name not classified · metro.tempo.co
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2020-03-03
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The administrative court ruling on the ERP tender: procurement opened July 2018, the city cancelled it on 2 August 2019, and the bidding consortium won an annulment of that cancellation. Confirmed at search level with matching headline.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Kompas, 13 March 2021 — the city wins its ERP tender appeal megapolitan.kompas.com · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-84f8620a467cb6e3
Publisher
Name not classified · megapolitan.kompas.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2021-03-13
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

End of the litigation: the city won on cassation in 2021; the ERP project nonetheless did not proceed. Confirmed at search level with matching headline.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Kompas Otomotif, 20 July 2026 — odd-even is back in force this week otomotif.kompas.com · background

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-785e1c9abe5f58b5
Publisher
Name not classified · otomotif.kompas.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-07-20
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-20
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Currency check: the scheme is still running on 26 corridors with unchanged hours in July 2026.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Background source; no baseline claim points here
Known limits of this passport
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.

Continue exploring

Compare this project

🇮🇩 ETLE Camera Traffic Enforcement · Jakarta Police still flag most offenders by hand, but ETLE's number-plate cameras enforce the odd-even rule automatically on the same corridors. 🇮🇷 Tehran Traffic Zone automated congestion charging · Tehran Tehran swapped odd-even for per-day ANPR charging in 2018; Jakarta kept rationing because its promised road pricing never arrived. 🇨🇳 Beijing License Plate Lottery & Vehicle Quota System · Beijing Beijing rations who may buy a car, Jakarta which plates may drive today — and a study finds Jakarta's rule barely moves pollution.

Ban half the cars: the licence-plate rationing family

Four cities that keep cars off the road by plate number — with four different enforcement designs and, until recently, almost no evidence that any of it cleans the air. The family's one robust rebound finding (drivers buying second cars) was measured in Mexico City and is imported everywhere else by analogy.

ProjectSinceStatusOutcomeEvidenceRun byCostHow it is enforced — and what the evidence says
Hoy No Circula: Mexico City's Plate-Based Driving RestrictionMexico City, 🇲🇽 1989 Live Ongoing Peer-reviewed City government, Regional government not public A hologram from the compulsory emissions test decides who is exempt; peer-reviewed evaluations find no cleaner air — drivers bought second cars instead.
Restriccion Vehicular: Santiago's Vintage-Tiered Plate RationingSantiago, 🇨🇱 1992 Live Ongoing Peer-reviewed National government, Regional government not public Tiered by vehicle vintage with an air-quality trigger adding digits — and a peer-reviewed evaluation that actually finds fewer car trips at peak.
Number Coding: Metro Manila's Plate-Based Driving BanManila, 🇵🇭 1995 Live Ongoing Media Regional government, City government not public Running since December 1995 without a single published effectiveness figure — every rebound claim about it is borrowed from Mexico City.
Ganjil-Genap: Jakarta's Odd-Even Plate RationingJakarta, 🇮🇩 2016 Live Ongoing Peer-reviewed City government, National government not public Camera-enforced through the ETLE plate-recognition network — and carries a peer-reviewed null result on air quality.

Explore the wider context

📟 A Reading Is Not a Decision📖 Plate-number rationing📖 Adaptive traffic signals📖 Air quality index (AQI)
📎 Cite this project

1001 Smart Cities (2026). “Ganjil-Genap: Jakarta's Odd-Even Plate Rationing” — Jakarta, Indonesia. The Smart City Atlas. https://1001smartcities.org/projects/jakarta-ganjil-genap/ (last verified 2026-07-26). Data: CC BY 4.0.

The underlying data is free to reuse with attribution — see the open data page.

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