1001 Smart Cities

Permanent project revision

DC Water's Clean Rivers Tunnels & the Consent Decree Behind Them

Revision 2026-08-21-source-dates · effective 2026-07-26

Current revision. This is the snapshot used by the live entity page.

unreviewed

Record the publication date of each source that states one; a source that publishes no date is marked null, and one that shows only a revision carries `updated` instead.

sha256:b5d1183023e90c042019c18cc80cae1a72670ea22a19879bb4a9a41bb1874d2a
All revisions → Current entity page →

Change set

  • replace /snapshot/projectFingerprint — Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record.
  • replace /snapshot/sources — Updated sources to the current sourced project record.
12
of 12 claims mapped
12
source dossiers
4
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Claims, one by one

The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.

Claim 1 clm-b23220304e86eb51 quantitative
A 2005 federal consent decree with the EPA, the Justice Department and the District — not the utility's own choice — obliges DC Water to end combined sewer overflows
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The regulator's settlement page records a 2005 federal consent decree among EPA, the Department of Justice, the District of Columbia and DC Water, requiring storage tunnels in the Anacostia, Potomac and Rock Creek watersheds, with a $250,000 penalty plus $1.7m for rain gardens and low-impact development and $300,000 to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Independent press still describes the programme's 2030 completion date as 'the date set by a consent decree between the federal government, D.C. government and D.C. Water'.
Caveat
The decree sets reduction targets rather than literal elimination: 98% of overflows eliminated in the Anacostia, 93% Potomac, 90% Rock Creek.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. US EPA — District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority Clean Water settlement (regulator)
  2. WTOP — DC Water takes big step forward in Potomac River Tunnel project, January 2026 (press)
Claim 2 clm-baaab8a5b1098943 descriptive
Three deep tunnels are in service
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The programme page describes 'over 18 miles of tunnels' more than 100 feet below ground, draining to Blue Plains. The Anacostia River Tunnel entered service in March 2018; the Northeast Boundary Tunnel followed on 15 September 2023; the Piney Branch groundbreaking of 9 July 2026 is described as the programme's final major tunnel, with the Potomac Tunnel still being bored.
Caveat
No single source states the count. Three is the entry's own tally of tunnels in service at the time of writing, from the individual project pages.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Clean Rivers Project (operator)
  2. DC Water — Anacostia River Tunnel Project (operator)
  3. DC Water — breaks ground on Piney Branch Tunnel, final phase of the Clean Rivers Project (operator)
Claim 3 clm-22e9952a1237f49b descriptive
Twenty-two flow-metering stations and a calibrated sewer model produce the quarterly overflow accounting the decree demands
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The collection-system page lists '22 flow-metering stations' across roughly 1,800 miles of sanitary and combined sewers. The combined-sewer page describes the accounting: 'DC Water uses a combination of flow meters and a computer model of the combined sewer system to measure and/or estimate the actual CSOs that have occurred on a quarterly basis', published as quarterly operation reports and consent-decree quarterly reports.
Caveat
The operator says 'computer model'. That it is calibrated is the entry's characterisation, not the operator's word.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Wastewater Collection (operator; the actuation and metering layer)
  2. DC Water — Combined Sewer System (operator; the measurement and notification layer)
Claim 4 clm-a4ad12ae2461c056 descriptive
while inflatable dams, dynamically controlled weirs and outfall gates steer the flow
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The operator states that the system is regulated by 'inflatable dams, dynamically controlled weirs, outfall gates and other flow regulating devices', alongside nine wastewater pumping stations and some 75,000 catch basins and manholes. This actuation layer is why the entry treats the tunnels as more than civil engineering.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Wastewater Collection (operator; the actuation and metering layer)
Claim 5 clm-fc8bf4881ef9df05 descriptive
Every District property pays by impervious area
Published field
snippet · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The charge is levied on impervious area rather than on water consumed, at $24.23 per equivalent residential unit per month from 1 October 2025, across six tiers from 0.6 ERU at $14.54 to 13.5 ERU at $327.11. An ERU is 'a statistical median of the amount of impervious surface area in a single-family residential property, measured in square feet'.
Caveat
Measuring by satellite has a political cost the press records: a councilmember objected that 'a picture from a satellite doesn't capture that very well, which puts the onus back on the homeowner', and churches and nonprofits called the charge a heavy burden, prompting council relief programmes.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Clean Rivers Impervious Area Charge rates (operator)
  2. 51st News — your DC Water bill could get more expensive, January 2026 (press)
Claim 6 clm-a3b82e9cb3687273 quantitative
DC Water reports the Anacostia River Tunnel kept about 4.5 billion gallons of sewage out of the river in 2018 alone, its first year
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The figure is carried in the operator's release title and matched by independent WJLA coverage under the same number.
Caveat
A finer figure — 4.57 billion gallons and nearly 900 tons of trash and solids for March to 31 December 2018 — appeared in search results but was not read on a rendered page, so the entry rounds rather than quoting it.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Anacostia River Tunnel saves river from 4.5 billion gallons of sewage overflow in 2018 (operator)
Claim 7 clm-9efab099491aa0fa quantitative
that overflows to the Anacostia are down roughly 90% since it opened in March 2018
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The project page states that 'combined sewer overflows to the Anacostia River have been reduced by 90 percent' since completion in March 2018. The tunnel is about 12,500 feet long, 23 feet in diameter, 80 to 120 feet deep.
Caveat
This is the utility's own reporting of its own reduction, computed from the quarterly meter-plus-model accounting rather than an independent measurement.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Anacostia River Tunnel Project (operator)
Claim 8 clm-df494bf167c99772 quantitative
DC Water expects 98% for the Anacostia and 96% system-wide, and puts the chance of flooding in Northeast in an average rainfall year at 7%, down from 50%
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The programme page states targets of 96% system-wide overflow reduction, 98% Anacostia, 93% Potomac and 90% Rock Creek, and chronic flooding risk in Northeast cut 'from 50% to 7%'. The same reduction percentages appear as the decree's expected outcomes on the regulator's settlement page.
Caveat
These are targets, not measurements, and the entry treats them as such.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Clean Rivers Project (operator)
  2. US EPA — District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority Clean Water settlement (regulator)
Claim 9 clm-72340765c972c797 descriptive
All figures are the utility's own; the decree's compliance accounting is quarterly, from flow meters plus a model, not a live public measurement
Published field
impact · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The only real-time public signal the operator describes is a warning light: 'DC Water has installed a series of CSO Event Indicator Lights to notify river users of CSO events' — red during an active overflow, yellow for 24 hours afterwards. Everything else is quarterly, from meters and a model.
Caveat
No predictive or real-time control of the tunnel system is described anywhere on the operator's site, and the entry claims none.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — Combined Sewer System (operator; the measurement and notification layer)
Claim 10 clm-1b953d87e7837116 quantitative
The 2015-16 modification let green infrastructure try to replace concrete in Rock Creek and shrink the Potomac tunnel
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
The modification proposed 'Using green infrastructure to retain the first 1.2 inches of rainwater on 365 acres in the Rock Creek area and 133 acres in the Potomac watershed', potentially 'eliminating the Rock Creek storage tunnel and significantly decreasing the size of the Potomac tunnel', in exchange for five more years in those two watersheds. The Anacostia stayed on schedule.
Caveat
The regulator announced the proposal in May 2015; the operator dates the signed modification to 14 January 2016, which is why the entry gives a span rather than a single year.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. US Department of Justice — strategy to reduce the District's sewer overflows will include green infrastructure, 20 May 2015 (regulator)
Claim 11 clm-21486f455bb5688b quantitative
DC Water assessed it, then broke ground on the Piney Branch Tunnel in July 2026 as the programme's final major tunnel
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
Groundbreaking was on 9 July 2026 for 'about a half-mile, 22-foot wide tunnel deep underground' holding 'at least 4.2 million gallons', due 'by the end of 2029', cutting Piney Branch overflow volume by 96% and frequency from about 25 times a year to about once. The 2015-16 modification had contemplated green infrastructure replacing a 9.5-million-gallon Rock Creek storage facility; the tunnel is being built.
Caveat
No claim-specific caveat recorded

Sources carrying this claim

  1. DC Water — breaks ground on Piney Branch Tunnel, final phase of the Clean Rivers Project (operator)
Claim 12 clm-c8b0ac763506ce39 descriptive
the tunnels intercept combined sewage, not failing pipes or illicit connections
Published field
lesson · verbatim
Mapping
mapped · no interpretation or interpolation added by this passport
What the mapping says
A single outlet, reading the District's own water quality reports to the EPA, puts the upper Anacostia out of compliance for E. coli about 92% of the time against under 40% before the tunnel, and attributes the gap to failing sewer pipes and illicit discharges rather than to combined sewer overflows.
Caveat
Deliberately kept out of the snippet and impact. The underlying environment-department reports were not reached, no operator response is included, and the Anacostia Watershed Society's 2025 report card gave sample year 2024 a passing grade, its second highest since 2014. The claim carried here is the structural one — what the tunnels are built to catch — not the outlet's compliance figure.

Sources carrying this claim

  1. Investigative Economics — despite massive tunnel project, Anacostia still filled with fecal matter, 11 March 2026 (press, contested counterweight)

Source dossiers and revision state

This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.

unreviewed Revision 2026-08-21-source-dates effective 2026-07-26 · created 2026-08-22

Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.

sha256:b5d1183023e90c042019c18cc80cae1a72670ea22a19879bb4a9a41bb1874d2a
Revision history → Permanent version link → Machine-readable record → Evidence Constitution →
12
of 12 claims mapped
12
source dossiers
4
publication dates recorded
0
archives linked
0
exact locators
0
content captures hashed

Governance facts carried by the record

Operator
DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)
Actor types
utility
Funding model
utility
Funding description
DC Water ratepayers through the Clean Rivers Impervious Area Charge — $24.23 per equivalent residential unit per month in FY2026, billed by measured impervious cover rather than water use
Cost
≈$3.5bn, estimated at $2.6bn when the decree was signed in 2005
Ownership
Not recorded
Decision rights
Not recorded
Exit conditions
Not recorded

12 source dossiers

US EPA — District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority Clean Water settlement (regulator) epa.gov · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a2c555c8759fa950
Publisher
Name not classified · epa.gov
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2015-05-18
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The decree itself, sentence-level: a 2005 federal consent decree among EPA, the Department of Justice, the District of Columbia and DC Water, requiring storage tunnels in the Anacostia, Potomac and Rock Creek watersheds. Penalty $250,000, plus $1.7m for rain gardens and low-impact development and $300,000 to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation for green roofs. Anacostia work due 2025, Potomac and Rock Creek extended to 2030. Expected outcomes stated as 98% of CSOs eliminated in the Anacostia, 93% Potomac, 90% Rock Creek.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
US Department of Justice — strategy to reduce the District's sewer overflows will include green infrastructure, 20 May 2015 (regulator) justice.gov · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-fa917666e2605d06
Publisher
Name not classified · justice.gov
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2015-05-20
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The modification, sentence-level: 'Using green infrastructure to retain the first 1.2 inches of rainwater on 365 acres in the Rock Creek area and 133 acres in the Potomac watershed', potentially 'eliminating the Rock Creek storage tunnel and significantly decreasing the size of the Potomac tunnel', in exchange for 'an additional five years to complete implementation in the Potomac and Rock Creek watersheds'. The Anacostia system stayed on schedule: 'Major portions of this tunnel system are scheduled for completed and in operation in 2018.' DOJ announced the proposal in May 2015; DC Water dates the signed modification to 14 January 2016.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Wastewater Collection (operator; the actuation and metering layer) dcwater.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-f89994afefe31af6
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The reason this is an atlas entry and not only civil engineering, sentence-level: the system includes '22 flow-metering stations' and is regulated by 'inflatable dams, dynamically controlled weirs, outfall gates and other flow regulating devices', alongside '9 wastewater pumping stations', 'approximately 1,800 miles of sanitary and combined sewers' and '75,000 catch basins and manholes'.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Combined Sewer System (operator; the measurement and notification layer) dcwater.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-124450ba0dbb1e87
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

How overflows are counted, sentence-level: 'DC Water uses a combination of flow meters and a computer model of the combined sewer system to measure and/or estimate the actual CSOs that have occurred on a quarterly basis', published as CSO Division Quarterly Operation Reports and Long Term Control Plan Consent Decree Quarterly Reports. The only real-time public signal: 'DC Water has installed a series of CSO Event Indicator Lights to notify river users of CSO events' — red for an active overflow, yellow for 24 hours afterwards. No predictive or real-time control of the tunnel system is described anywhere on DC Water's site, and the entry claims none.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Clean Rivers Project (operator) dcwater.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8d4c06a323f4cfab
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Programme scope and targets, sentence-level: 'over 18 miles of tunnels' more than 100 feet below ground, fed by diversion chambers, approach channels, roughly 100-foot drop shafts and adits, all draining to Blue Plains. Targets stated as 96% system-wide CSO reduction, 98% Anacostia, 93% Potomac, 90% Rock Creek, and chronic flooding risk in Northeast cut 'from 50% to 7%'. The page lists a 2016 amended consent decree and a 2020 joint stipulation of non-material modification. These are targets, not measurements — the entry treats them as such.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Anacostia River Tunnel Project (operator) dcwater.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7da3e77dad5ac178
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The 90% figure and its owner, sentence-level: 'combined sewer overflows to the Anacostia River have been reduced by 90 percent' since completion in March 2018. Tunnel is 'approximately 12,500 feet', '23-foot diameter', 'approximately 80 to 120 feet deep'. The page mentions diversion facilities and 'ventilation control facilities to regulate air flow' but no gates, pumping or monitoring detail — so the control layer is sourced from the collection-system pages instead.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Anacostia River Tunnel saves river from 4.5 billion gallons of sewage overflow in 2018 (operator) dcwater.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-18cc5d172d1d6dd1
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

First-year volume, carried in the release title and matched by independent WJLA coverage under the same figure. Search results also gave 4.57 billion gallons and nearly 900 tons of trash and solids for March to 31 December 2018, but that sentence was not read on a rendered page, so the entry rounds to 'about 4.5 billion gallons' rather than quoting the finer number.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — breaks ground on Piney Branch Tunnel, final phase of the Clean Rivers Project (operator) dcwater.com · 2 linked claims

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8ca2e3ab4569ecee
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The lesson's evidence, sentence-level: groundbreaking 9 July 2026 on 'about a half-mile, 22-foot wide tunnel deep underground' holding 'at least 4.2 million gallons', finished 'by the end of 2029', cutting Piney Branch overflow volume by 96% and frequency from about 25 times a year to about once. The 2015-16 modification had contemplated green infrastructure replacing a 9.5-million-gallon Rock Creek storage facility; the tunnel is being built.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
DC Water — Clean Rivers Impervious Area Charge rates (operator) dcwater.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-218e78bd0aa21fa4
Publisher
Name not classified · dcwater.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

The financing mechanism, exactly: $24.23 per equivalent residential unit per month effective 1 October 2025 (FY2026). An ERU is 'a statistical median of the amount of impervious surface area in a single-family residential property, measured in square feet'. Six tiers, from 0.6 ERU at $14.54 a month for 100-699 sq ft of impervious cover to 13.5 ERU at $327.11 for 11,100 sq ft and above. The charge is levied on impervious area, not on water consumed.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
51st News — your DC Water bill could get more expensive, January 2026 (press) 51st.news · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-7252e6f2161d35bd
Publisher
Name not classified · 51st.news
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
Not recorded
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Cost and the political counterweight: 'a multi-year $3.5 billion infrastructure project kicked off in 2009', construction wrapping up in 2030, 'each ERU now costs homeowners around $24 a month', projected to 'top out at more than $32 per ERU per month' by 2030. Ward 6 Councilmember Charles Allen on the satellite-measured billing: 'a picture from a satellite doesn't capture that very well, which puts the onus back on the homeowner.' Churches and nonprofits called the charge 'a heavy burden', prompting council relief programmes.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
WTOP — DC Water takes big step forward in Potomac River Tunnel project, January 2026 (press) wtop.com · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-a5558be96eac7cd7
Publisher
Name not classified · wtop.com
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-01-13
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Current construction status: the cutterhead for TBM Mary lowered down a 100-foot shaft at West Potomac Park, tunnelling to start spring 2026 on the 5.5-mile run from the Georgetown waterfront to Blue Plains, with a second machine, Emily, for the 3.1-mile southern segment. Substantial completion expected 2028, full completion February 2030, 'the date set by a consent decree between the federal government, D.C. government and D.C. Water'. Read via search summary rather than a rendered page; the 2030 decree deadline is independently confirmed by the EPA settlement page.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Investigative Economics — despite massive tunnel project, Anacostia still filled with fecal matter, 11 March 2026 (press, contested counterweight) investigativeeconomics.org · 1 linked claim

Open original source ↗

Stable source ID
src-8c5df9904b922cd8
Publisher
Name not classified · investigativeeconomics.org
Type / language
web-page · language not classified
Published
2026-03-11
Updated
Not recorded
Source last checked
No source-level check date
Record last verified
2026-07-26
Dossier created
2026-08-22
Retrieved copy
No local capture recorded
Archive
No archived copy linked
Content hash
No captured content hash
Locator
Open the recorded source note

Deliberately kept out of the snippet and impact, like the Comparitech and IQAir precedents, because it is a single outlet's reading of someone else's data. Llewellyn Jones, 'based on data from D.C.'s Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)'s water quality reports to the EPA', reports the upper Anacostia out of compliance for E. coli about 92% of the time against under 40% before the tunnel, and attributes the gap to 'failing sewer pipes and illicit discharges' rather than CSOs. The underlying DOEE reports were not reached, and no DC Water response is included. The Anacostia Watershed Society's 2025 report card, by contrast, gave sample year 2024 a passing grade, its second highest since 2014.

Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Claims linked
Known limits of this passport
  • Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
  • Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
  • A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
  • The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.