Permanent project revision
Revision 2026-08-26-claim-mapping · effective 2026-07-25
Superseded. A later revision exists: 2026-08-27-source-dating →
Added a six-claim evidence mapping and a sourced lesson; replaced registration and income-tax figures whose source no longer answers with the mechanism as an international-organisation case study states it, and gave the impact the peer-reviewed measurement (public transport use up 14 per cent) together with the authors' own explanation for why the effect is small.
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replace /snapshot/projectFingerprint — Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record.replace /snapshot/claims — Updated claims to the current sourced project record.replace /snapshot/sources — Updated sources to the current sourced project record.The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.
clm-ab1ede438aeb4783
quantitative
Since 1 January 2013, after a referendum in which 75.5 per cent of participants voted in favour, Tallinn has offered fare-free bus, tram and trolley travel to residents recorded in Estonia's population register — the first European capital to do so at this scale
clm-762626df94517738
descriptive
A personalised Ühiskaart smartcard verifies eligibility, rechecked monthly against the register
clm-58d86d8f004bed38
descriptive
The city states the policy's purpose as including an incentive for unregistered residents to register their address in Tallinn, which raises the city's revenue from personal income tax
clm-21fcd26a88055c78
quantitative
A peer-reviewed natural experiment — travel diaries and interviews with a random sample of 1,500 households shortly before and almost a year after the change — found public transport use up 14 per cent, with evidence that the mobility of low-income residents had improved
clm-dfd2e49ab5ee24f5
descriptive
The authors state plainly that the effect on ridership is substantially lower than in earlier fare-free studies, because Tallinn already had a good level of service, high public transport use and low fares before the policy
clm-72076b99040a184c
descriptive
Eligibility is tied to being recorded as a resident and rechecked monthly, and the city names the incentive to register — and the income-tax revenue that follows — among the reasons for the scheme
This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.
Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.
sha256:b2e11ccc29bcd0ca65564c5cb702961f78b99a1b04e8641bdc9043214cfd5912
src-6cb9b0e05626ab8fOfficial rules: free travel for residents recorded in the population register; personalised Ühiskaart smartcard; residence rechecked monthly.
src-83f0ac38224e053bConfirms Jan 2013 launch after 2012 referendum and 'first European capital' framing.
src-95c3d6219cef6b60KTH natural-experiment evaluation: ridership effect modest once service supply is controlled for.
src-dfac98146fa1a0dcInternational-organisation case study. States the registration mechanism in the city's own terms: the scheme motivates still unregistered residents to register their place of living officially in Tallinn, which increases the city's revenue from personal income tax.