{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "zurich-iot-sensor-network",
  "title": "ewz.LoRaWAN — Zurich's Municipal IoT Network",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/zurich-iot-sensor-network/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-22T22:07:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-29",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 7 claims and 6 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:185314f1f5dc75984508bb4f5b3f0dfcf30e0b8b631263a81ceda2a5f0d21757",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-29",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:114215338a533e90e97ff5a78e02150ab4075335c7801aabb4c7e4423323aa1a",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2018,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "ewz (Elektrizitätswerk der Stadt Zürich) with Organisation und Informatik Stadt Zürich (OIZ)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility",
      "city-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "utility",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-52bf52d931422d0b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Zurich's city-owned utility ewz and the municipal IT department OIZ",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-c7f6977ba35904a4",
       "src-78b9161dd87b3d08"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city's own article names both bodies and divides the work between them: the LoRaWAN was \"das von ewz und OIZ aufgebaute LoRaWAN\" (the LoRaWAN built by ewz and OIZ), with ewz responsible for moving sensor data through the gateways and for general network operation, and OIZ forwarding the data to the specialist applications. Akenza's announcement describes the same pairing: \"the utility provider ewz, in cooperation with the city's IT organization OIZ has been operating the LoRaWAN infrastructure in the city of Zürich\". ewz is the electricity utility owned by the City of Zurich, and OIZ is the city's own IT organisation.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-ba91c04168921579",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "have run a citywide LoRaWAN",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4608e6496490851d",
       "src-78b9161dd87b3d08"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator's own page states that \"ewz betreibt in Zürich ein flächendeckendes LoRa-Netz\" (ewz operates a blanket LoRa network in Zurich) and advertises \"Perfekte Abdeckung in der ganzen Stadt Zürich\" (perfect coverage across the whole city of Zurich). Akenza's announcement says the network \"offers excellent network coverage in the Zurich city area\". The ewz page is a live sales page and still describes the network in the present tense.",
      "caveat": "Coverage is described only by the operator and its platform partner, in the language of a product page. No listed source gives a gateway count, a coverage map or a measurement by anyone outside the network's own operator.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-33f1b89158cbe5e5",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "routing sensor data into the city's own data centre",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-c7f6977ba35904a4"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city article describes exactly this path: the LoRaWAN acts \"als Netzwerk zwischen Sensoren und dem Rechenzentrum der Stadt Zürich\" (as the network between the sensors and the City of Zurich's data centre), and \"Dabei ist ewz für die Datenübertragung von Sensoren über die verschiedenen Antennen (Gateways) in das OIZ-Rechenzentrum und den allgemeinen Netzbetrieb zuständig\" (ewz is responsible for transmitting sensor data through the various gateways into the OIZ data centre and for general network operation).",
      "caveat": "The same article describes a second, separate strand of ewz sensor work whose analysis platform was deliberately built in a commercial cloud rather than the municipal data centre, on the grounds that comparable capacity in the city's own centre would have cost several times as much. Not every ewz sensor project therefore ends up in the city's data centre.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-5829a9f0ae9b5de4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "offering it to every department",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-c7f6977ba35904a4"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city article says the network \"allen Dienstabteilungen der Stadt Zürich für die Übertragung von Messdaten zur Verfügung steht\" (is available to all departments of the City of Zurich for transmitting measurement data), and that OIZ makes sure the components of the system work together and are available to the departments.",
      "caveat": "What the city offers to every department is the network itself, as a way of transmitting their own measurements; the article does not say that data gathered by one department is shared with the others. OIZ is described as forwarding data to the specialist application that needs it.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-5aa745143183169b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a 185-space parking pilot at the Hallenstadion",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-67b6f7e009e75eb8"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Marcus Cathomen of ewz is quoted describing the pilot: \"185 Parkplätze beim Hallenstadion in Oerlikon mit Sensoren ausgerüstet und ins Parkleitsystem der Stadt Zürich integriert wurden\" (185 parking spaces at the Hallenstadion in Oerlikon were fitted with sensors and integrated into the City of Zurich's parking guidance system), carried out with the traffic department and OIZ. He adds that \"Aus diesem Pilotprojekt haben wir viele Erkenntnisse für weitere Zürcher IoT-Projekte gewonnen\" (we gained many insights from this pilot project for further Zurich IoT projects).",
      "caveat": "The account is ewz's own, published in the magazine ewz produces, and the article states that it first appeared in September 2019. The utility speaks of the pilot in the past tense, as a finished exercise it drew lessons from; no listed source says whether the sensors are still in the ground or whether the guidance system still uses them.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-74a74345e01212eb",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "16 chair sensors",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4d02af0bb1e5999b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The count rests on this trade-press report alone, and the article could not be opened for checking: the publisher serves it behind an automated interactive challenge, so no wording from it could be quoted and no locator could be recorded. The city's own announcement of the test, which is also listed here, describes the sensors and the two squares but gives no number at all.",
      "caveat": "No source that can be read gives a number. The one that is said to carry it is a trade-press article rather than the city or the utility, and the figure could not be checked against its wording.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-d2d204f064d288bf",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "that measured how two public squares are used",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-128f4197949ba4ff"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city's announcement says the civil engineering office, together with ewz and ETH Zurich, tested newly developed sensors on the Münsterhof and the Vulkanplatz until the end of September 2022: \"testet das Tiefbauamt zusammen mit ewz und der ETH Zürich auf dem Münsterhof und dem Vulkanplatz bis Ende September 2022 neu entwickelte Sensoren\". It states what they record — \"Die Sensoren messen die Belegung und Verweildauer auf den Stühlen\" (the sensors measure occupancy and dwell time on the chairs), along with the chairs' location, temperature, humidity and noise level — and that \"ewz stellt für die drahtlose Datenübertragung sein «LoRaWAN» bereit\" (ewz provides its LoRaWAN for the wireless transmission).",
      "caveat": "What the sensors measured was the use of the chairs — where they stood and how long people sat on them — rather than the use of the squares as a whole. The city describes a test running to the end of September 2022, undertaken to see whether such sensors could later serve the planning of public space.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-c7f6977ba35904a4",
      "title": "Stadt Zürich — Internet der Dinge: OIZ und ewz bieten Service an",
      "url": "https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/artikel/de/klick/internet-der-dinge.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "stadt-zuerich.ch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-52bf52d931422d0b",
       "clm-33f1b89158cbe5e5",
       "clm-5829a9f0ae9b5de4"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-05-26",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "City authority: ewz and OIZ built the LoRaWAN; ewz moves data from the gateways into the OIZ data centre; pilot projects began in spring 2018.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-4608e6496490851d",
      "title": "ewz — LoRaWAN, IoT-Netz für Zürich",
      "url": "https://www.ewz.ch/de/geschaeftskunden/konnektivitaet/iot-services/lorawan.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ewz.ch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
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       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator: dates regular operation of ewz.LoRaWAN to 2020 and describes citywide gateway coverage.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-128f4197949ba4ff",
      "title": "Stadt Zürich — Sensoren-Tests auf zwei Zürcher Plätzen (8 Aug 2022)",
      "url": "https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/de/aktuell/medienmitteilungen/2022/08/220808a.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "stadt-zuerich.ch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-08-08",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Tiefbauamt and ETH Zurich fitted chairs on Münsterhof and Vulkanplatz with sensors for occupancy, temperature, humidity and noise, transmitted over ewz's LoRaWAN.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-4d02af0bb1e5999b",
      "title": "inside-it.ch — Smarte Stühle in Zürich haben sich bewährt (5 Apr 2023)",
      "url": "https://www.inside-it.ch/smarte-stuehle-in-zuerich-haben-sich-bewaehrt-20230405",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "inside-it.ch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-04-05",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Swiss IT trade press: 16 sensors, eight per square, reliable transmission.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-67b6f7e009e75eb8",
      "title": "powernewz (ewz) — «Zürich soll die smarteste City der Welt werden»",
      "url": "https://www.powernewz.ch/rubriken/smart-city/zuerich-soll-die-smarteste-city-der-welt-werden/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "powernewz.ch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-5aa745143183169b"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": "2024-02-03",
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "ewz's own magazine: 185 sensor-equipped parking spaces at the Hallenstadion fed into the city parking guidance system, as a pilot.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-78b9161dd87b3d08",
      "title": "akenza — ewz opens ewz.LoRaWAN as Connectivity as a Service (15 Jun 2022)",
      "url": "https://akenza.io/blog/ewz-caas-pr",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "akenza.io",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-52bf52d931422d0b",
       "clm-ba91c04168921579"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-06-15",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-29",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Partner announcement: third parties in Zurich can attach their own sensors to the municipal network.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 7,
     "claimsMapped": 7,
     "sourcesTotal": 6,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}