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  "title": "Washington Metro's automatic train operation, switched off for 15 years",
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     "timeline": {
      "started": 1976,
      "ended": null
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA)",
     "actorTypes": [
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     "fundingDescription": "WMATA capital programme; no separate budget line for the ATO restoration has been published. The follow-on plan endorsed by the board in April 2026 (full Red Line automation plus platform screen doors at 20 of 27 stations) is costed at $913 million and depends on federal funding.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Metro trains drove themselves between stations from the system's 1976 opening until June 2009, when WMATA put the whole network into manual mode within about a day of the Fort Totten rear-end collision that killed nine people",
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      "supportNote": "The NTSB record establishes the collision and its toll: 'Nine people aboard train 112, including the train operator, were killed', with 52 people transported to hospitals.",
      "caveat": "The one-day timing of the switch to manual mode is the operator's decision rather than an NTSB finding; the investigation documents the crash, not the mode change.",
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      "text": "The NTSB traced the crash to track circuit modules that stopped detecting a standing train and to a verification test WMATA never rolled out system-wide — not to the driving automation that was turned off",
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      "supportNote": "The probable cause reads: 'a failure of the track circuit modules ... that caused the automatic train control system to lose detection of train 214 and thus transmit speed commands to train 112 up to the point of impact', together with WMATA's failure to institutionalise the enhanced track circuit verification test developed after the 2005 Rosslyn near-collisions. None of the 25 recommendations calls for suspending automatic train operation.",
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      "text": "Automatic train operation came back line by line: Red on 15 December 2024, Green and Yellow on 23 May 2025, Blue, Orange and Silver on 15 June 2025, each step needing the safety commission's concurrence",
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      "supportNote": "The three operator releases date each step and name the gatekeeper: the Green and Yellow release states ATO is coming 'after rigorous internal training and testing and concurrence from the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission', and the Blue/Orange/Silver release calls 15 June 2025 'the first full return to ATO since 2009'.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Operators stay in the cab, working the doors and watching the track",
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      "supportNote": "The operator states that ATO 'controls the trains' acceleration, deceleration, and speed' from trackside commands while operators 'will remain responsible for the safety of the customers aboard their trains' and keep monitoring track conditions, train status and door operations. A 2026 currency check confirms the arrangement still holds: ATO 'still requires a train operator to be in the cab'.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "end-to-end travel times down 8 minutes on the Red Line after several months under ATO, 1-2 minutes on the Green and Yellow lines and about 3 minutes each on the Blue, Orange and Silver lines from 22 June 2025; WMATA reports no red signal violations by trains in ATO",
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      "supportNote": "The May release reports Red Line end-to-end trips cut by 8 minutes since December with no red signal violations under ATO; the June release gives about 3 minutes on Blue, Orange and Silver from 22 June and 1-2 minutes on Yellow and Green. Independent trade press confirms the same per-line figures.",
      "caveat": "Operator figures, labelled as such in the entry. The trade-press confirmation repeats the operator's numbers rather than measuring independently.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "217 station overruns under ATO since December 2024, roughly ten times the manual-mode rate, which WMATA called 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem'",
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      "supportNote": "The trade report gives 217 trains under ATO overrunning station stops since December, about ten times the number under manual driving, 38 per cent of them by three or more cars, with doors staying shut during an overrun. WMATA confirmed the count, called it 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem' and pointed to zero red signal violations in ATO. The cause was traced to false marker coil detection.",
      "caveat": "Press-reported and not independently audited; the entry labels it as such. The page returned an error to automated fetching, so existence and content were confirmed through two independent search passes and corroborated by the safety commission's own filing.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the safety commission withheld concurrence for expansion until WMATA scheduled a software update and a new antenna normalisation procedure for 7000 Series railcars",
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      "supportNote": "The commission's own filing lists what Metrorail must do to receive concurrence for ATO on the Green and Yellow lines, including 'a detailed performance schedule outlining milestones and timelines for the implementation of software update and the new antenna normalization procedure for 7000 Series railcars', an interim roadway-worker protection measure and monthly rules-compliance reports.",
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      "text": "Switching working automation off after a disaster takes a day; switching it back on took fifteen years, a regulator's line-by-line concurrence and a fix to how railcars sense their own position — even though the crash investigation blamed train detection, not the driving mode",
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      "supportNote": "The NTSB attributed the collision to track circuit modules losing detection of a standing train, and none of its 25 recommendations calls for suspending automatic train operation. The return began on 15 December 2024, fifteen years later, and the safety commission conditioned each further line on a fix to how 7000 Series railcars normalise their position antennas.",
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      "id": "src-ff25026366c51ce7",
      "title": "NTSB — Collision of Two WMATA Metrorail Trains Near Fort Totten Station (DCA09MR007)",
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       "value": "Probable cause: 'a failure of the track circuit modules ... that caused the automatic train control system to lose detection of train 214 and thus transmit speed commands to train 112 up to the point of impact', plus WMATA's failure to institutionalise the enhanced track circuit verification test developed after the 2005 Rosslyn near-collisions. 'Nine people aboard train 112, including the train operator, were killed'; 52 people were transported to hospitals. None of the 25 recommendations calls for suspending automatic train operation.",
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      "title": "NTSB Railroad Accident Report RAR-10/02 (full report, adopted 27 July 2010)",
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       "value": "Full report behind the probable cause quoted above; also the source of the telescoping detail (the rear car of train 214 telescoped about 63 feet, some 84 percent of the length of the lead car of train 112) and the $12 million equipment damage estimate.",
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      "title": "WMATA — Metro to begin Automatic Train Operation for the first time in 15 years (12 Dec 2024)",
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       "value": "ATO starts on the Red Line on 15 December 2024. ATO 'controls the trains' acceleration, deceleration, and speed' from commands sent by trackside equipment, while operators 'will remain responsible for the safety of the customers aboard their trains' and keep monitoring track conditions, train status and door operations.",
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      "title": "WMATA — Metro to launch Automatic Train Operation on the Green and Yellow lines on May 23 (20 May 2025)",
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       "value": "'Automatic Train Operation (ATO) is coming to the Green and Yellow lines on Friday, May 23 after rigorous internal training and testing and concurrence from the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission.' Also: end-to-end Red Line trips cut by 8 minutes since December, with no red signal violations under ATO.",
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       "value": "Lists what Metrorail must do to receive WMSC concurrence for ATO on the Green and Yellow lines, including 'a detailed performance schedule outlining milestones and timelines for the implementation of software update and the new antenna normalization procedure for 7000 Series railcars', an interim roadway-worker protection measure, and monthly rules-compliance reports. The regulator, not WMATA, controlled the pace of the rollout.",
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      "title": "Trains — DC Metrorail blocked from expanded use of ATO system (April 2025)",
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       "value": "Source of the overrun counterweight: 217 trains under ATO overran station stops since December, about ten times the number under manual driving, 38 percent of them by three or more cars, with doors staying shut during an overrun; WMATA confirmed the count, called it 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem' and pointed to zero red signal violations in ATO. Cause traced to false marker coil detection. Page returned 403 to automated fetching; existence and content confirmed through two independent search passes and corroborated by the WMSC filing above.",
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      "title": "Washingtonian — DC's Metro wants to install platform doors and run fully automated trains (23 April 2026)",
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       "value": "Currency check: 'As of summer 2025, all Metro trains already run via Automatic Train Operation (ATO), which controls the train's acceleration and speed, but still requires a train operator to be in the cab.' The board voted to endorse full Red Line automation plus platform screen doors at 20 of 27 stops; '$913 million' still to be secured; 'not be finished on the Red Line until 2032 at the earliest'.",
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       "value": "Independent trade-press confirmation of the completed rollout and of the per-line travel-time figures (8 minutes Red; about 3 minutes Blue, Orange, Silver; 1-2 minutes Yellow, Green), noting the rollout 'followed internal training and testing and concurrence from the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission'.",
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     "fundingDescription": "WMATA capital programme; no separate budget line for the ATO restoration has been published. The follow-on plan endorsed by the board in April 2026 (full Red Line automation plus platform screen doors at 20 of 27 stations) is costed at $913 million and depends on federal funding.",
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      "text": "Metro trains drove themselves between stations from the system's 1976 opening until June 2009, when WMATA put the whole network into manual mode within about a day of the Fort Totten rear-end collision that killed nine people",
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      "text": "Automatic train operation came back line by line: Red on 15 December 2024, Green and Yellow on 23 May 2025, Blue, Orange and Silver on 15 June 2025, each step needing the safety commission's concurrence",
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      "text": "Operators stay in the cab, working the doors and watching the track",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "end-to-end travel times down 8 minutes on the Red Line after several months under ATO, 1-2 minutes on the Green and Yellow lines and about 3 minutes each on the Blue, Orange and Silver lines from 22 June 2025; WMATA reports no red signal violations by trains in ATO",
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      "text": "217 station overruns under ATO since December 2024, roughly ten times the manual-mode rate, which WMATA called 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem'",
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      "supportNote": "The trade report gives 217 trains under ATO overrunning station stops since December, about ten times the number under manual driving, 38 per cent of them by three or more cars, with doors staying shut during an overrun. WMATA confirmed the count, called it 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem' and pointed to zero red signal violations in ATO. The cause was traced to false marker coil detection.",
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      "text": "the safety commission withheld concurrence for expansion until WMATA scheduled a software update and a new antenna normalisation procedure for 7000 Series railcars",
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      "text": "Switching working automation off after a disaster takes a day; switching it back on took fifteen years, a regulator's line-by-line concurrence and a fix to how railcars sense their own position — even though the crash investigation blamed train detection, not the driving mode",
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      "title": "NTSB — Collision of Two WMATA Metrorail Trains Near Fort Totten Station (DCA09MR007)",
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       "value": "Probable cause: 'a failure of the track circuit modules ... that caused the automatic train control system to lose detection of train 214 and thus transmit speed commands to train 112 up to the point of impact', plus WMATA's failure to institutionalise the enhanced track circuit verification test developed after the 2005 Rosslyn near-collisions. 'Nine people aboard train 112, including the train operator, were killed'; 52 people were transported to hospitals. None of the 25 recommendations calls for suspending automatic train operation.",
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      "title": "NTSB Railroad Accident Report RAR-10/02 (full report, adopted 27 July 2010)",
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      "title": "WMATA — Metro to begin Automatic Train Operation for the first time in 15 years (12 Dec 2024)",
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       "value": "'Automatic Train Operation (ATO) is coming to the Green and Yellow lines on Friday, May 23 after rigorous internal training and testing and concurrence from the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission.' Also: end-to-end Red Line trips cut by 8 minutes since December, with no red signal violations under ATO.",
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      "title": "WMATA — Metro to launch Automatic Train Operation on the Blue, Orange, and Silver lines on June 15 (2025)",
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       "value": "Source of the overrun counterweight: 217 trains under ATO overran station stops since December, about ten times the number under manual driving, 38 percent of them by three or more cars, with doors staying shut during an overrun; WMATA confirmed the count, called it 'a reliability problem and not a safety problem' and pointed to zero red signal violations in ATO. Cause traced to false marker coil detection. Page returned 403 to automated fetching; existence and content confirmed through two independent search passes and corroborated by the WMSC filing above.",
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      "title": "Washingtonian — DC's Metro wants to install platform doors and run fully automated trains (23 April 2026)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Currency check: 'As of summer 2025, all Metro trains already run via Automatic Train Operation (ATO), which controls the train's acceleration and speed, but still requires a train operator to be in the cab.' The board voted to endorse full Red Line automation plus platform screen doors at 20 of 27 stops; '$913 million' still to be secured; 'not be finished on the Red Line until 2032 at the earliest'.",
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      "title": "Mass Transit — WMATA begins automatic train operation on entire rail system (June 2025)",
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       "value": "Independent trade-press confirmation of the completed rollout and of the per-line travel-time figures (8 minutes Red; about 3 minutes Blue, Orange, Silver; 1-2 minutes Yellow, Green), noting the rollout 'followed internal training and testing and concurrence from the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission'.",
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     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 8,
     "claimsMapped": 8,
     "sourcesTotal": 9,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 9,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 7,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}