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 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "toronto-bike-share",
  "title": "Bike Share Toronto: city-owned bikes, contracted operator",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/toronto-bike-share/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-10-05-baseline",
 "revisions": [
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   "id": "2026-10-05-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-10-05T22:27:52Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-10-05",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 14 claims and 12 source dossiers.",
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   },
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    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:f16b64cea3cdb3855f66df69176e1f946bb02497cf8cfb2e9d96041d17d9b54c",
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     "status": "unreviewed",
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    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2011,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Toronto Parking Authority (operations contracted to Shift Transit)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "city-government",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "Toronto Parking Authority (city agency), user fees plus municipal support; TPA seeking CAD 41.7M capital over five years",
     "cost": "≈CAD 20M/yr operating (2025); CAD 41.7M capital plan sought for 2026-2030",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-d00eef8a3b2dd1a1",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Toronto's bike share launched in 2011 as BIXI Toronto",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Global News: Bike Share Toronto began as Bixi Toronto in 2011 with 1,000 bicycles at 80 locations, mainly downtown.",
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     {
      "id": "clm-09e0ec5d08114615",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "when the program struggled to repay a loan the city had guaranteed and Montreal supplier PBSC filed for bankruptcy protection in January 2014",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "supportNote": "CBC: in 2011 the city gave a 10-year loan guarantee of just under $4 million for the operator, and Bixi struggled to meet its loan obligations; Pedal Magazine: PBSC filed for bankruptcy protection on 20 January 2014.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-276afa4a0cf8f184",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the city's parking authority took the system over that spring rather than let it fold",
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      "supportNote": "CBC (Dec 2013): control of the program shifts to the city's parking authority in the spring, with Bell Astral Media paying $5 million to cover the existing debt; Global News: the TPA took over the program in 2014.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The Toronto Parking Authority owns the bikes and docks and sets the fares",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Shift Transit: 'The Toronto Parking Authority (TPA) is the owner of Bike Share Toronto'; the TPA board recommends the rate structure, which City Council approves under the Municipal Code.",
      "caveat": "Rate changes proposed by the TPA board require City Council approval.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Shift Transit runs them under a contract won by tender in 2020, which the authority proposed in July 2026 to extend without competition to October 2027 ahead of a new tender",
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      "supportNote": "Shift: after an extensive RFP the TPA awarded it a 5-year operations contract in April 2020; the TPA's July 2026 report seeks a seven-month non-competitive extension to 31 October 2027 and anticipates an RFP in Q1 2027.",
      "caveat": "The report asked the TPA board to approve the extension; the decision is not stated in the report itself.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "text": "Historical trip data is published by the city itself under the Open Government Licence — Toronto, which permits commercial reuse",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The ridership dataset sits on the city's portal under 'Open Government Licence - Toronto'; the licence grants a worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, non-exclusive licence 'including for commercial purposes'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-54c769f5fd5deed4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "although the ridership dataset now carries a 'Retired' label",
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      "supportNote": "The dataset page header reads 'Retired', with no replacement dataset named.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-93292693717a767f",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Ridership reached 7.8 million trips in 2025, but revenue still did not cover costs",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The TPA presentation reported 7.8 million rides in 2025, revenue of $17.1M and total expenses of $20M.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-04b1367d9e573ac7",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "7.8 million trips in 2025 on revenue of CAD 17.1M, CAD 2.3M above plan (TPA figures)",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "'2025 actual revenue was $17.1 million — $2.3 million more than forecasted', alongside 7.8 million rides.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-0ff5f89a48a4b457",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "in 2024 the system took CAD 13.4M against CAD 16M of expenses",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "'In 2024, the network pulled in $13.4 million in revenue but had $16 million in expenses.'",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "In 2025 the network ran 1,060 stations across all 25 wards; e-bikes were about a fifth of the fleet, and the TPA calls them more productive than pedal bikes",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The 2030 strategy: in 2025 the system operates 1,060 stations and 10,251 bikes including 2,319 e-bikes across all 25 wards, a fleet 20% electrified, and e-bikes 'are more productive than iconic pedal bikes'; Global News reports 20 per cent of the fleet electric.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "text": "Owning the assets gives the city the fare lever",
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      "supportNote": "The TPA owns the system and its board recommends the rate structure, which City Council approves under Chapter 441 of the Municipal Code.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7ccff2d669ce32a9",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "community-housing tenants buy an annual pass for CAD 5 against the standard CAD 105",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "CBC: community housing tenants under affordable-housing and rent-geared-to-income programmes can buy the Annual 30 membership for $5; that membership is usually $105.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "the April 2023 rate change added a CAD 0.10-a-minute charge for members riding e-bikes, on top of the membership",
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      "supportNote": "The rate structure taking effect 3 April 2023 includes an 'Annual Members E-bike per minute charge of $0.10'; the previous price table carries no e-bike charge.",
      "caveat": "The rate was approved for April 2023; the current figure could not be confirmed on the operator's own pricing page.",
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      "title": "Shift Transit — Bike Share Toronto case study (operator)",
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      "locator": {
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       "value": "Operator's own statement of ownership: 'The Toronto Parking Authority (TPA) is the owner of Bike Share Toronto, which is managed by Shift Transit Inc.'",
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     {
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      "title": "Shift Transit — five-year contract extension",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-09-17",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "'Following an extensive RFP process, the Toronto Parking Authority awarded Shift Transit a 5-year contract to run the day-to-day operations'; Shift first won the operator contract in April 2017.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     {
      "id": "src-9b8221975b906899",
      "title": "City of Toronto — Open Government Licence (data terms)",
      "url": "https://open.toronto.ca/open-data-licence/",
      "publisher": {
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       "domain": "open.toronto.ca",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Licence read directly: 'The Information Provider grants you a worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, non-exclusive licence to use the Information, including for commercial purposes.' Information Provider is the City of Toronto — the trip data does not vest in the operator.",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Anonymised trip records published on the city portal under 'Open Government Licence — Toronto'. Fetched 2026-07-26: the page header now reads 'Retired', with no replacement dataset or explanation given.",
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      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-10ca2ff4c2849feb",
      "title": "Global News — Bike Share deploying more e-bikes, docks (2026)",
      "url": "https://globalnews.ca/news/11725454/bike-share-toronto-2026/",
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       "publishedAt": "2026-03-11",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "TPA board presentation: 7.8 million rides in 2025 generating CAD 17.1M in revenue, CAD 2.3M above projection; e-bikes about 20 per cent of the fleet; 2026 plan adds e-bikes, solar docks and electric docks.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-d8c71e0245edd971",
      "title": "Global News — Bike share seeking CAD 41M in new funding",
      "url": "https://globalnews.ca/news/11578126/toronto-bike-share-loyal-program-capital-funding-2030/",
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       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-12-15",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Not self-sustaining: in 2024 the system 'pulled in $13.4 million in revenue but had $16 million in expenses'. TPA seeks CAD 41.7M over five years; target of 14 to 16 million trips a year by 2030.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-5f0ea4624fda71a1",
      "title": "City of Toronto — 2030 Bike Share Toronto Growth Strategy",
      "url": "https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2025/pa/bgrd/backgroundfile-260875.pdf",
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       "publishedAt": "2025-11-20",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Board report behind the expansion: 70 new e-stations, 1,660 e-docks and 2,550 e-bikes; even the conservative sustainment scenario still needs roughly CAD 0.20 subsidy per ride by 2030. Equity siting targets NW Etobicoke, Thorncliffe Park, Flemingdon Park and Scarborough neighbourhoods. PDF would not render in review; figures corroborated by Global News.",
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      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-d38e8ed752532e1f",
      "title": "CBC — Bike Share Toronto discounts for low-income users",
      "url": "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/bike-share-discounts-1.7073449",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2024-01-09",
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