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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "tbilisi-paid-parking",
  "title": "Tbilisi Paid Parking: From the C.T. Park Concession to City-Run Zonal Parking",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tbilisi-paid-parking/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-04-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-11-04-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-11-04T07:01:20Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-11-04",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 24 claims and 7 source dossiers.",
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    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
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     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "independent",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2009,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Tbilisi Transport Company, which took over parking from the concessionaire C.T. Park (City Park) on 10 April 2018",
     "actorTypes": [
      "city-government",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-480adaadedfe69a0",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a private firm, C.T. Park, won an exclusive municipal auction in November 2007",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The report states that C.T. Park won the exclusive right to manage Tbilisi parking at a municipal auction in November 2007.",
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     {
      "id": "clm-49ffb5d54fe21fb0",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "From August 2009 drivers paid by the hour by mobile phone, scratch card or parking meter",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "C.T. Park's deputy operations manager, quoted in the 21 August 2009 report, says hourly payment by mobile phone, scratch card and parking meter starts that day.",
      "caveat": "The start date is the operator's announcement as reported on that day.",
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      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-e105f56e7a6307fa",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the company issued the fines",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The report says C.T. Park itself fines drivers who break the parking rules.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-ee800cd445496fb4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "under its contract, 60% of the penalty total went to the city",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "FactCheck states the contract share of penalty revenue that went to City Hall.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-852db61640802a76",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "City Hall ended the deal on 10 April 2018, saying the company did not fulfil its obligations",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The mayor announced the annulment for 10 April and said the company does not fulfil its obligations properly.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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     {
      "id": "clm-eb34dead7e68be40",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "handed parking to the Tbilisi Transport Company",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "FactCheck names the Tbilisi Transport Company as operator from 10 April 2018.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-641050b4bac0766c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Since 1 August 2019 the city has rolled out zonal hourly parking",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "JAMnews dates the zonal pilot to 1 August 2019.",
      "caveat": "City Hall had announced the pilot for 1 July 2019; this entry uses the start date the later report gives.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-9c8af905ace399db",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "numbered bays paid through the Tbilisi Parking app or roadside machines",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The explainer describes bays marked with a zone letter and number, paid through the Tbilisi Parking app, and payment machines near the bays.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-770f4a64bd36e2f0",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "free for residents within 100 metres",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The explainer lists free parking for residents within 100 metres of a zonal bay.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-fa41c449dfb39c44",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "It began on one street, reached Saburtalo and Vake in 2020",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "JAMnews says the pilot covered one street, Kote Apkhazi, and spread to Saburtalo and Vake in 2020.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3455709659316aae",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "added 1,340 spaces on new streets in August 2025",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The round-up reports zonal parking starting on new streets on 1 August 2025 with 1,340 spaces.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-abc632ccdce0745a",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "City Hall's revenue from parking penalties averaged GEL 5,926,800 a year under City Park (2011–2017) and GEL 3,302,800 a year after the takeover",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "FactCheck gives both averages, drawn from Tbilisi Transport Company data; the post-takeover figure is introduced as 'an average of GEL 3,302,800 is paid to the Tbilisi budget annually'.",
      "caveat": "The figures are averages over unequal periods; FactCheck does not state the exact post-takeover years.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-602f91d08849a0ec",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the city's company issued far fewer tickets",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "FactCheck's graph of annual tickets shows City Park issuing far more than the city's company.",
      "caveat": "The ticket counts themselves are shown only in a chart.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-cd576b9f01e31cba",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Tbilisi had 28,898 designated parking spaces on 9 September 2022, down from 32,257 on 10 April 2018",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "JAMnews gives 28,898 designated spaces on 9 September 2022 and 32,257 on 10 April 2018.",
      "caveat": "FactCheck, in May 2022, gave 29,257 spaces from budget execution reports.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-29c73d4da6c59942",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "no underground parking had been built despite the city's pledges",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "FactCheck notes that no underground parking had been created, contrary to City Hall's pledges.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-81650986c3c87e83",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "In September 2022 Parliament approved a City Hall package raising the fine for illegal parking from 10 to 50 lari and ordering cars parked on pavements to be towed at once",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "JAMnews reports Parliament passing the City Hall package in the third reading: the fine for illegal parking rises from 10 to 50 lari and cars on pavements are towed immediately.",
      "caveat": "The law took effect only after the President's signature.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-8907a1502f8fe517",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "No source measures whether zonal pricing has eased congestion.",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "No listed source measures traffic or parking turnover before and after the zones; the JAMnews explainer states only the policy's aim of removing traffic jams.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-ebf90c1d4557d630",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "In 2016 the mayor's office said it could not cancel the C.T. Park contract because, by Ernst & Young's estimate, ending it would cost 25 million lari",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The 2016 report attributes the 25 million lari cancellation cost to the mayor's office, citing Ernst & Young.",
      "caveat": null,
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-15bee75ff5ac2206",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "two city councillors replied that since August 2014 drivers had paid the company 62 million lari in fines, of which only 18 million reached the city budget",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The figures are the two councillors' own, as reported.",
      "caveat": "These are the councillors' figures, not audited accounts.",
      "interpretation": {
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "2025 in that dispute",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The 2016 report gives the contract's expiry as 2025.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f0a36b631e3899e5",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "2022 when the city terminated the deal in 2018, citing non-performance and saying no compensation was due",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2018 report gives the contract term as running to 2022 and quotes the deputy mayor saying no compensation was due because of the company's non-performance.",
      "caveat": "The two reports state different expiry years for the same contract.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-6c2667ea19bee19a",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Since the takeover the city has issued fewer tickets and collected less in fines.",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "FactCheck finds fewer tickets and lower penalty revenue after the Tbilisi Transport Company took over.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-99649e9fff353b5b",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Its stated aim is to reduce the role of cars",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The mayor states the goal of the city's transport policy when announcing the termination.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3bf96f9478459690",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "no source yet shows whether the zones have done that",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "No listed source evaluates the zones' effect on car use; the JAMnews explainer states the aim only.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-951da60cb0c5901f",
      "title": "The Messenger — Pay for your parking or pay a fine (21 Aug 2009)",
      "url": "https://messenger.com.ge/issues/1924_august_21_2009/1924_eto.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "messenger.com.ge",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2009-08-21",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Report on C.T. Park's rules: drivers pay by the hour by mobile phone, scratch card or parking meter, at 0.20, 0.50 or 1 lari an hour by zone, residents park free in their own area, and the company fines non-payment. It says the company won the exclusive right to manage Tbilisi parking at a municipal auction in November 2007.",
       "exact": false
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-c63597666e9d6a6e",
      "title": "The Messenger — Tbilisi City Council MPs demand suspension of agreement with C.T. Park (11 Nov 2016)",
      "url": "https://mail.messenger.com.ge/issues/3757_november_11_2016/3757_c.t.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mail.messenger.com.ge",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2016-11-11",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Two Tbilisi City Council members demand that the contract be suspended. The mayor's office says, citing Ernst & Young, that cancelling would cost it 25 million lari; the councillors say that since August 2014 drivers paid 62 million lari in fines to the company and 18 million reached the city budget, and that the contract runs to 2025.",
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     {
      "id": "src-1808e0b757ec283e",
      "title": "The Messenger — Tbilisi Mayors Office Suspends Contract with C.T. Park (14 Mar 2018)",
      "url": "https://messenger.com.ge/issues/4098_march_14_2018/4098_tea.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "messenger.com.ge",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2018-03-14",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04",
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      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Mayor Kakha Kaladze announces the contract will be annulled on 10 April because the company does not fulfil its obligations; the deputy mayor says no compensation is due; C.T. Park says it will defend its rights in Georgia and in international arbitration. Gives the contract's term as running to 2022 and names the Tbilisi Transport Company as the new manager.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-5d0b49dccf54df17",
      "title": "FactCheck Georgia — What Has Changed in Tbilisi's Parking System post-City Park Company",
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