{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "tbilisi-air-quality-monitoring", "title": "Tbilisi Air Quality Monitoring: Hourly Readings and a Duty to Plan", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tbilisi-air-quality-monitoring/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-04-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-11-04-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-11-04T07:01:20Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-11-04", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 17 claims and 8 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:cfa3d2442208dcfa3bac6bece03c03f9c2a81352b2a72b7980b7ebfe5caa3886", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-11-04", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:ae1bfa8bccef90718c0c9521f3175ba01a4b54f37f724a213a58de5d362c8838", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "independent", "timeline": { "started": 2016, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "National Environmental Agency (LEPL of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia), which runs the stations and the air.gov.ge portal; the Tbilisi agglomeration management plan is a government decision developed with Tbilisi City Hall", "actorTypes": [ "national-government", "city-government" ], "fundingModel": null, "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-0aafa31be893def3", "field": "snippet", "text": "Georgia's National Environmental Agency measures Tbilisi's air around the clock", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-681681048b00a06f" ], "supportNote": "The agency states that its automatic stations monitor air pollutants continuously, 24 hours a day.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fdf25133330cf556", "field": "snippet", "text": "Since 2016 automatic stations have replaced the old non-automatic ones in the capital", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-681681048b00a06f" ], "supportNote": "The agency dates the switch from non-automatic to automatic stations in Tbilisi to 2016.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-edbb5a386badbe1c", "field": "snippet", "text": "the agency now runs five of them, on Tsereteli, Kazbegi, Aghmashenebeli and Marshal Gelovani avenues and in Varketili 3", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e1741d99c733995c" ], "supportNote": "A 2026 report on agency data names the five automatic stations in Tbilisi: Tsereteli Avenue, Kazbegi Avenue, Varketili 3, Aghmashenebeli Avenue and Marshal Gelovani Avenue.", "caveat": "The count comes from a press report of agency data; the 2023 independent assessment counted four automated stations in Tbilisi.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-5bcd6baa59853ae7", "field": "snippet", "text": "alongside passive samplers placed four times a year", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-681681048b00a06f" ], "supportNote": "The agency says passive sampling has been carried out four times a year since 2015.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1b9e6ee3026951bd", "field": "snippet", "text": "Hourly readings appear on the national portal air.gov.ge with a ten-minute delay", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2e5ce1cd70a42c6" ], "supportNote": "The portal's own explanation says hourly data is displayed with a ten-minute delay.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-96670887348c1d99", "field": "snippet", "text": "Since a 2020 amendment to the Law on Ambient Air Protection, levels above a legal limit oblige the environment ministry to draw up an air quality management plan with the municipalities concerned", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-be1990b82f42fd57" ], "supportNote": "Article 44¹ of the amended law: where levels in a zone or agglomeration exceed limit values, the ministry, in agreement with the municipalities concerned, draws up an air quality management plan. The amending law is dated 22 May 2020.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-bd3dd757d0164fad", "field": "snippet", "text": "the risk of crossing an alert threshold obliges a short-term action plan", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-be1990b82f42fd57" ], "supportNote": "Article 44²: where there is a risk that levels will exceed one or more alert thresholds, the ministry draws up a short-term action plan.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7f43ef81dcce27ff", "field": "snippet", "text": "it labels the station readings as not verified", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2e5ce1cd70a42c6" ], "supportNote": "The portal states that data from the automatic stations is not verified and that verified data is in the reports.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2c503f6c1c25e992", "field": "snippet", "text": "an independent assessment in 2023 found annual reports published only up to 2017", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d69656b411ec1ce0" ], "supportNote": "The assessment, written by a Czech air-quality specialist for the NGO Arnika, states that as of May 2023 annual reports were available only up to 2017 and that the links for later years were broken.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-443a6192849c3ffa", "field": "impact", "text": "In September 2024 the government adopted a 2024–2026 air quality management plan for the Tbilisi agglomeration, developed with support from the European Union and Tbilisi City Hall", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f927b608da5840b7" ], "supportNote": "The report, citing the environment ministry, says the government adopted the revised plan and that it was developed with support from the European Union and Tbilisi City Hall.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-552d5513755428ec", "field": "impact", "text": "in 2025 the annual average of nitrogen dioxide exceeded the legal limit at 12 monitoring points in Tbilisi", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e1741d99c733995c" ], "supportNote": "The report, based on National Environment Agency data, gives the 2025 nitrogen dioxide exceedances.", "caveat": "Monitoring points include passive samplers as well as automatic stations.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-aba7d45105d46b8e", "field": "impact", "text": "the Tsereteli Avenue station recorded 26 daily PM10 exceedances between January and May 2026, 13 of them, the agency says, caused by weather patterns and desert dust", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e1741d99c733995c" ], "supportNote": "The report gives 26 exceedances of the 24-hour PM10 limit on Tsereteli Avenue and the agency's attribution of 13 days to weather patterns and desert dust.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a5a43545b2240f11", "field": "impact", "text": "the Public Defender reported in 2019 that Tbilisi City Hall had identified no cases of air pollution from construction and imposed no sanctions for it since 2015", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fa1018c37de758ba" ], "supportNote": "The Public Defender's statement on its February 2019 special report quotes the finding, based on City Hall's own reply covering 2015–2018.", "caveat": "City Hall's supervision service replied that it lacked authority to examine the situation outside construction sites.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9ea42493f852f757", "field": "lesson", "text": "both consequences are plans that the government approves", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-be1990b82f42fd57" ], "supportNote": "The law has the government approve the short-term action plan on the ministry's submission; the management plan is likewise drawn up by the ministry rather than triggered as an action.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-b44cef1f1066c0bb", "field": "lesson", "text": "by a civil-society brief's account, the State Audit Office concluded in 2018 that the measures against transport pollution in Tbilisi in 2016–2017 did not address the country's challenges", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-ff422689411c0dd9" ], "supportNote": "The policy brief quotes the State Audit Office's 2018 report on the efficiency of activities against ambient air pollution in Tbilisi from the transport sector in 2016–2017.", "caveat": "The audit report itself is cited here through the brief, not read directly.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ec85d7a315a895eb", "field": "lesson", "text": "the Public Defender found no construction-dust sanctions", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fa1018c37de758ba" ], "supportNote": "See the impact claim: the Public Defender reported no sanctions for construction dust pollution since 2015.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-194004c6ec0e419b", "field": "lesson", "text": "the 2023 assessment recommended replacing years of unverified historical data with verified data", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d69656b411ec1ce0" ], "supportNote": "The assessment notes that all downloadable historical data is labelled 'not verified data', even if several years old, and recommends proper validation.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-681681048b00a06f", "title": "National Environmental Agency — Monitoring Network (air.gov.ge)", "url": "https://air.gov.ge/en/pages/14/14", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "air.gov.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-0aafa31be893def3", "clm-fdf25133330cf556", "clm-5bcd6baa59853ae7" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The agency's description of its network: automatic stations replaced non-automatic ones in Tbilisi from 2016, further stations were added in Tbilisi and Rustavi in 2019 and in eight cities through 2023, automatic stations measure 24 hours a day, and passive sampling has run four times a year since 2015.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-b2e5ce1cd70a42c6", "title": "National Environmental Agency — Air Quality Index (air.gov.ge)", "url": "https://air.gov.ge/en/pages/11/11", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "air.gov.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-1b9e6ee3026951bd", "clm-7f43ef81dcce27ff" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The portal's explanation of its index: hourly data is displayed with a ten-minute delay, data from the automatic stations is not verified, and verified data is published in the reports.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-e1741d99c733995c", "title": "DFWatch — Which Tbilisi district has the most polluted air?", "url": "https://dfwatch.net/which-tbilisi-districts-have-the-most-polluted-air-66862/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dfwatch.net", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-edbb5a386badbe1c", "clm-552d5513755428ec", "clm-aba7d45105d46b8e" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-06-15", "updatedAt": "2026-06-16", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Report on National Environment Agency data: five automatic stations in Tbilisi (Tsereteli, Kazbegi, Varketili 3, Aghmashenebeli, Marshal Gelovani); Tsereteli Avenue exceeded the 24-hour PM10 limit 26 times from January to May 2026, 13 of them attributed by the agency to weather patterns and desert dust; the annual average of nitrogen dioxide exceeded the legal limit at 12 monitoring points in Tbilisi in 2025.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-be1990b82f42fd57", "title": "Legislative Herald of Georgia — Amendment to the Law on Ambient Air Protection (N5948)", "url": "https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4821836", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "matsne.gov.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-96670887348c1d99", "clm-bd3dd757d0164fad", "clm-9ea42493f852f757" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2020-05-22", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The amending law adds Article 44¹ (an air quality management plan whenever levels in a zone or agglomeration exceed limit values) and Article 44² (a short-term action plan when there is a risk of exceeding an alert threshold, approved by the government on the ministry's submission).", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f927b608da5840b7", "title": "Georgia Today — Government approves 2024-2026 air quality management plan for Tbilisi", "url": "https://georgiatoday.ge/government-approves-2024-2026-air-quality-management-plan-for-tbilisi", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "georgiatoday.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-443a6192849c3ffa" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-09-16", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "News report that the government adopted the revised 2024–2026 air quality management plan for the Tbilisi agglomeration, developed with support from the European Union and Tbilisi City Hall.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-d69656b411ec1ce0", "title": "Arnika — Assessment of the state air quality monitoring in Georgia (J. Brzezina)", "url": "https://arnika.org/en/publications/download/1645_8eb9cd957d88abd42925119f29bea36b", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "arnika.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2c503f6c1c25e992", "clm-194004c6ec0e419b" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Assessment by a Czech air-quality specialist for the NGO Arnika: four automated stations in Tbilisi among seven in the country, monitoring in a 24/7 regime, threshold values in line with the EU; as of May 2023 annual reports were available only up to 2017, and all historical data is labelled 'not verified data'. Recommends proper validation.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-fa1018c37de758ba", "title": "Public Defender of Georgia — Public Defender Responds to Tbilisi Municipality's Statement", "url": "https://ombudsman.ge/eng/akhali-ambebi/sakhalkho-damtsveli-tbilisis-munitsipalitetis-gantskhadebas-ekhmianeba", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "ombudsman.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a5a43545b2240f11", "clm-ec85d7a315a895eb" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2019-02-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The Public Defender defends its special report on air pollution against City Hall's criticism; it states that Tbilisi City Hall had not identified cases of air pollution caused by construction and had imposed no sanctions for it since 2015.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-ff422689411c0dd9", "title": "Open Society Georgia Foundation — Ambient Air Pollution in Georgia: Challenges of European Integration (policy brief)", "url": "https://csf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Angarishi-A4_-Air_ENG.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "csf.ge", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b44cef1f1066c0bb" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Civil-society policy brief (Green Alternative for the Open Society Georgia Foundation). It reports the State Audit Office's 2018 finding that measures against transport air pollution in Tbilisi in 2016–2017 did not address the country's challenges.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 17, "claimsMapped": 17, "sourcesTotal": 8, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 8, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }