{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "tartu-self-driving-shuttle-pilots", "title": "Tartu Self-Driving Shuttle Pilots", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tartu-self-driving-shuttle-pilots/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-28-tartu-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-28-tartu-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-28T05:00:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-28", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 14 claims and 6 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:e211e3de5843b8e6ef0a671a3ebed04527cebb8c4af51f988d2555668d5cfe4b", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-28", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:a90b0597f0c79a1cdd32a1fcb00977d81e8618cbb0e9ec3af7309b6cd7ffb699", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "completed", "outcome": "succeeded", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2021, "ended": 2024 } }, "governance": { "operator": "City of Tartu / Auve Tech OÜ", "actorTypes": [ "city-government", "private" ], "fundingModel": null, "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-4edb8e2779b4ac7c", "field": "snippet", "text": "one of ten EU cities in the Commission-funded Ride2Autonomy project", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-5eee5b5559594936" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Tartu on üks kümnest Euroopa Liidu linnast, kus Euroopa Komisjoni rahastatud projekt Ride2Autonomy aset leiab.' (Tartu is one of ten EU cities where the European Commission-funded Ride2Autonomy project takes place.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-3d268790e2afc414", "field": "snippet", "text": "an eight-seat Auve Tech shuttle linked the centre and the museum for two months", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-5eee5b5559594936" ], "supportNote": "The release introduces 'Eestis toodetud Auve Techi iseautot ehk isejuhtivat kaheksakohalist sõidukit' (an Estonian-built Auve Tech self-driving eight-seat vehicle) serving 'marsruudil kesklinn - ERM - kesklinn' from 2 September, and calls it 'Kaks kuud kestva projekti' (a two-month project).", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e87500b4dd77c672", "field": "snippet", "text": "never without a safety operator", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-99f8294c29ad9290" ], "supportNote": "ERR verbatim: 'Sellele vaatamata ei sõida buss kordagi ilma operaatorita.' (Even so, the bus never drives without an operator.) Auve Tech's board member explains the law requires the operator inside the bus. Tartu Postimees (7 Sep 2021) corroborates: an operator is always aboard the eight-seat vehicle.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-faa36c801da233b6", "field": "snippet", "text": "In 2024 the city returned with Yazaki Innovations, Avanti R&D and Auve Tech", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Closing report: 'Pilootprojektis osalesid Jaapani ettevõtte Yazaki Group tütarettevõte Yazaki Innovations, USA tehnoloogia firma Avanti R&D, Eesti isejuhtivaid sõidukeid arendav Auve Tech OÜ ning Tartu linn.' (The pilot's participants were Yazaki Group subsidiary Yazaki Innovations, US technology firm Avanti R&D, Estonian AV developer Auve Tech OÜ and the City of Tartu.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-745c5caf287c5792", "field": "snippet", "text": "a free culture shuttle on Roosi Street, named for the Capital of Culture year", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7554697a9e879dbd" ], "supportNote": "Launch release: the bus 'viitena kultuuripealinna aastale sai nimeks Kultuuribuss' (was named Kultuuribuss in reference to the Capital of Culture year); 'Bussi marsruut kulgeb peamiselt mööda Roosi tänavat. Sõit Kultuuribussis on tasuta.' (The route runs mainly along Roosi Street. Riding the Kultuuribuss is free.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-44439cf2fc18c11e", "field": "snippet", "text": "fed real-time warnings by city-installed cameras at complex intersections", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7554697a9e879dbd" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Projektiga piloteeritakse tehnoloogiat, kuidas linna taristule paigaldatud kaamerate ja sensorite abil saadakse reaalajas infot keerulistel ristumistel teistest suundadest lähenevatest sõidukitest, jalakäijatest ja jalgratturitest...' (The project pilots how cameras and sensors installed on city infrastructure provide real-time information at complex intersections about approaching vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1afa68ed99fd97d8", "field": "impact", "text": "1,902 riders and 3,426 kilometres between 21 June and 31 October 2024, 86 per cent of the distance driven autonomously", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Kokku sõitis kultuuribussiga 1902 inimest ning sõiduk läbis 3426 kilomeetrit, millest 86% autonoomselt.' (In total 1,902 people rode the culture bus and the vehicle covered 3,426 kilometres, 86% of it autonomously.) The period 'alates 21. juunist kuni 31. oktoobrini' is in the same release.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f5097a8a4f871a43", "field": "impact", "text": "nearly 5,000 warnings about approaching pedestrians and cyclists at low-visibility intersections", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'nutikate sensorite abil saadeti kokku ligi 5000 hoiatusmärguannet isejuhtivale bussile läheneva kergliikleja kohta piiratud nähtavusega ristmikel' (smart sensors sent nearly 5,000 warning alerts to the self-driving bus about approaching vulnerable road users at limited-visibility intersections).", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fc8620305736851a", "field": "impact", "text": "the busiest single day carried 66 riders", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Enim reisijaid, 66 oli 23. juulil.' (The most riders, 66, was on 23 July.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-124c002e218143f8", "field": "impact", "text": "passengers spoke 15 different languages", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Projekti käigus tuvastati 15 erineva keele kasutamist bussis' (during the project the use of 15 different languages was registered on the bus).", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-5485345552ea145a", "field": "lesson", "text": "In 2021 the project team said a successful two-month pilot could grow into a permanent driverless museum line", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-99f8294c29ad9290" ], "supportNote": "ERR verbatim: 'Kaks kuud kestva pilootprojekti õnnestumise korral loodetakse käima panna juba rohkemate istekohtadega isejuhtiva muuseumibussi püsiliin.' (If the two-month pilot succeeds, the hope is to launch a permanent self-driving museum-bus line with more seats.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f661b42d55c2cd61", "field": "lesson", "text": "another time-boxed pilot on the same street", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "The closing report describes the 2024 run as a pilot project ('pilootprojekt') on a fixed trajectory 'mööda Roosi tänavat viiel päeval nädalas alates 21. juunist kuni 31. oktoobrini' (along Roosi Street five days a week from 21 June to 31 October) — the same street where ERR reported the city placing special signs for the 2021 shuttle.", "caveat": "'Same street' rests on ERR's 2021 report that the city placed special traffic signs on Roosi Street for the museum bus; the 2021 route was described as centre–ERM, which runs along Roosi Street.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-87e2d681cec4cebf", "field": "lesson", "text": "The instrumentation moved outward into the street furniture", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7554697a9e879dbd" ], "supportNote": "Editorial condensation of the 2024 launch release: what was piloted was cameras and sensors installed on city infrastructure feeding the shuttle real-time information — the sensing shifted from the vehicle alone to the street.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-416edbe0cffa7482", "field": "lesson", "text": "the city's closing report names ordinary drivers' dangerous overtaking as the shuttle's hardest challenge", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-048b4225d3eec28c" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Isejuhtivale bussile põhjustasid kõige enam väljakutseid tavaliiklejate ohtlikud möödasõidud.' (What challenged the self-driving bus most were dangerous overtaking manoeuvres by ordinary road users.)", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-048b4225d3eec28c", "title": "Tartu City Government press release — 'Isejuhtiva kultuuribussiga sõitis ligi 2000 inimest'", "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/et/uudised/isejuhtiva-kultuuribussiga-soitis-ligi-2000-inimest", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tartu.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-faa36c801da233b6", "clm-1afa68ed99fd97d8", "clm-f5097a8a4f871a43", "clm-fc8620305736851a", "clm-124c002e218143f8", "clm-f661b42d55c2cd61", "clm-416edbe0cffa7482" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-11-21", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city's closing report of 21 November 2024. Carries every outcome figure: 1,902 riders, 3,426 km of which 86% autonomous, nearly 5,000 roadside-sensor warnings about approaching pedestrians and cyclists at low-visibility intersections, peak day of 66 riders on 23 July, 15 languages spoken, the four partners (Yazaki Innovations, Avanti R&D, Auve Tech OÜ, City of Tartu), the Roosi Street route five days a week from 21 June to 31 October, the finding that dangerous overtaking by ordinary drivers challenged the shuttle most, and the November showing at Smart City Expo Barcelona.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7554697a9e879dbd", "title": "Tartu City Government press release — 'Isejuhtiv kultuuribuss hakkab sõitma ERMi ja Tartu Linnamuuseumi vahel'", "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/et/uudised/isejuhtiv-kultuuribuss-hakkab-soitma-ermi-ja-tartu-linnamuuseumi-vahel-20-06-2024", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tartu.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-745c5caf287c5792", "clm-44439cf2fc18c11e", "clm-87e2d681cec4cebf" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-06-20", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Launch release of 20 June 2024: the shuttle was named Kultuuribuss in reference to the European Capital of Culture year, rides were free with room for seven passengers, service ran Tuesday to Saturday mainly along Roosi Street, and the pilot tested how cameras and sensors installed on city infrastructure feed the vehicle real-time information about vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists at complex intersections.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-5eee5b5559594936", "title": "Tartu City Government press release — 'Tartus alustab reisijate teenindamist isejuhtiv muuseumibuss'", "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/et/uudised/tartus-alustab-reisijate-teenindamist-isejuhtiv-muuseumibuss", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tartu.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-4edb8e2779b4ac7c", "clm-3d268790e2afc414" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-08-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "City release of 26 August 2021 on the first passenger pilot: an Estonian-built eight-seat Auve Tech 'iseauto' serving the centre–ERM–centre route from 2 September for two months; Tartu named as one of ten EU cities in the European Commission-funded Ride2Autonomy project; Estonia's first test of the VEDAS demand-responsive transit software (Modern Mobility OÜ); mayor Urmas Klaas: 'Kui me uusi asju ei katseta, ei saa nad kunagi meie igapäevaelu osaks.'", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-99f8294c29ad9290", "title": "ERR — 'Tartus hakkab liikuma isejuhtiv muuseumibuss'", "url": "https://www.err.ee/1608318914/tartus-hakkab-liikuma-isejuhtiv-muuseumibuss", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "err.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-e87500b4dd77c672", "clm-5485345552ea145a" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-08-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Estonian public broadcaster on the 2021 launch. States the bus never runs without an operator aboard (required by law), the 25 km/h top speed and special signs the city placed on Roosi Street, and that a successful two-month pilot was hoped to lead to a permanent driverless museum-bus line with more seats.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-69c1a237ae842117", "title": "Tartu Postimees — 'Isejuhtiv buss veel päris iseseisev ei ole'", "url": "https://tartu.postimees.ee/7331947/video-isejuhtiv-buss-veel-paris-iseseisev-ei-ole", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tartu.postimees.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-09-07", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Regional daily a week into the 2021 pilot; subscriber article whose opening paragraphs are public. Corroborates that an operator was always aboard the eight-seat vehicle and took over when the otherwise smart machine met unexpected traffic, and that the run lasted until the end of October. Bot note: WebFetch receives 403 here; plain curl with a browser user agent returns the opening text.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-ed288e08c76916b4", "title": "City of Tartu — International Self-Driving Culture Shuttle Project page", "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/en/culture-bus", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tartu.ee", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": "2024-11-29", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city's standing English project page. Names the five AI components piloted in 2024 — including sit/stand detection by pose estimation and VRU collision avoidance using real-time data from edge-computing roadside sensors at blind intersections — and repeats the outcome figures (1,902 riders; 3,426 km, 86% autonomous; nearly 5,000 alerts; 15 languages). A standing page stating only a revision date.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 14, "claimsMapped": 14, "sourcesTotal": 6, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 5, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }