{
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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "tartu-participatory-budget",
  "title": "Kaasav Eelarve — Estonia's First Participatory Budget",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tartu-participatory-budget/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-28-tartu-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-28-tartu-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-28T04:40:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-28",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 14 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
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    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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   "snapshotHash": "sha256:8ad4218b96639c3fbe04138d5ed0cd3325e7bbd7f17962374ab77aec7f896edf",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-08-28",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:cdc2d2e75cc06879949ad548c5ef4fa89d639fe8bae963d56673b1b5f9a7dcbc",
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     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
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      "complete-source-dossier",
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     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "peer-reviewed",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2013,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Tartu City Government (Department of Public Relations)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "city-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": "€200,000/year (from €140,000 in 2013)",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-e29f42d1ae1810e9",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Tartu launched Estonia's first participatory budget in 2013",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4859ff2623775145",
       "src-5809f8ed5f8c98e9",
       "src-b6caff8e45ac9b0e"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The journal states it verbatim: 'Indeed, PB in Estonia is a rather new phenomenon, launched first by the city of Tartu in spring 2013.' The city's English page says 'Tartu was the first city in Estonia that opened its budget designing process to citizens and began experimenting with participative budgeting in 2013', and the e-Governance Academy's project record repeats the first-in-Estonia framing.",
      "caveat": "The journal's first author was a project manager at the e-Governance Academy, the NGO that advised Tartu — a participant-affiliated account that passed peer review.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-763b5036ae31e2f7",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "has voted every year since",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city's statistics table lists a vote in every year from 2013 through 2025 (ideas submitted, ideas on the ballot, voters and votes for each year), and the 2026 page schedules the next one: 'Tartu kaasava eelarve rahvahääletus toimub 1.-7. oktoobril 2026' — the public vote takes place 1–7 October 2026, winners to be implemented in 2027.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-833ee5c9de5f4476",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Anyone may propose an investment idea, an expert commission screens the proposals for feasibility",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "'Kaasava eelarve idee võib esitada igaüks' — anyone may submit a participatory-budget idea; ideas are gathered in the VOLIS environment (ideas sent by e-mail or post are added there by the organisers). 'Esitatud ideid hindab eksperdikomisjon, mille koosseisus on vastava ala spetsialistid' — an expert commission of specialists assesses the submitted ideas' feasibility in time, money and technique, and its opinions are attached to each idea in VOLIS.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-de51a1b1ee8f9872",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "everyone registered in Tartu aged 14 or over (16 until 2018) casts up to three votes",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Eligibility: 'iga 14-aastane ja vanem isik, kelle elukoht on Eesti rahvastikuregistri andmetel Tartu linnas' — every person aged 14 or over whose residence per the Estonian population register is Tartu; the FAQ adds 'kuni aastani 2018 oli vanusepiiriks 16 eluaastat' (until 2018 the age limit was 16, lowered to 14 from 2019). Each participant 'saab hääletada kuni kolme erineva endale meelepärase idee poolt' — may vote for up to three different ideas.",
      "caveat": "Since the 2022 vote the franchise is wider than registered residents: 14–26-year-olds studying in Tartu, checked against the national education information system, may also vote.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3df284d17a9046ca",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "in the VOLIS local-government information system, authenticating with Estonia's ID-card, Mobile-ID or Smart-ID",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Voting happens 'elektrooniliselt infosüsteemis Volis, kus tuleb end identifitseerides ID-kaardi, mobiil-IDga või Smart-ID-ga' — electronically in the VOLIS information system, identifying oneself with ID-card, Mobile-ID or Smart-ID. Assisted voting with an identity document is available at the town-hall information centre on every voting day.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3e6e678bda5c808b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The pot began at €140,000, about one per cent of the investment budget",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110",
       "src-b6caff8e45ac9b0e",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The city: 'Kolmel esimesel aastal said tartlased otsustada 140 000 euro üle' — for the first three years residents decided over €140,000. The e-Governance Academy's page: '140 000 euros which is about 1% of next years’s investment budget' (typo in the original). The journal's comparison table also records €140,000 for Tartu.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7c77b52b2eecfe6f",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the city council raised it to €150,000 in 2016 and €200,000 in 2018",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: '2016. aastal tõstis Tartu linnavolikogu kaasava eelarve summat 150 000 euroni ning 2018. aastal 200 000 euroni' — in 2016 the Tartu city council raised the participatory-budget sum to €150,000 and in 2018 to €200,000.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-85790d80e39f164a",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "ideas capped at €100,000 so at least two win each year",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110",
       "src-5809f8ed5f8c98e9"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The rules cap a single idea at €100,000: 'investeeringuobjekt maksumusega kuni 100 000 eurot. Kuna kaasava eelarve kogusummaks on 200 000 eurot, tagab see vähemalt kahe idee elluviimise' — since the total is €200,000, this guarantees at least two ideas are realised. The English page repeats it: 'Each year, at least two ideas are developed into projects, totalling the overall budget of 200,000 EUR.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-bd433a000d34c82e",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "2,645 voters in the 2013 pilot (3.3 per cent of those eligible), a slump to 1,938 in year two, a climb to the 2019 peak of 7,312 (9.3 per cent), a slide to 4,685 by 2022 and a recovery to 6,316 in 2025",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Every figure sits in the city's own statistics table ('Kaasava eelarve statistikat'): 2013 — 2645 voters (3,3%); 2014 — 1938 (2,4%); then 3772, 4178, 4635, 5291 up to 7312 (9,3%) in 2019; 7260 in 2020, 5948 in 2021, 4685 in 2022, 5380 in 2023, 5852 in 2024 and 6316 in 2025. The percentages are the city's own, computed against eligible residents (about 80,000 in 2013–2017, about 79,000 in 2019).",
      "caveat": "Voters, not votes: since 2014 each voter has up to three votes (the 2025 votes column reads 13,177), and the city notes roughly two are used on average.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3cc0a5589f5da268",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Since 2022 the city has published no participation rate at all: students enrolled in Tartu may now vote without being registered residents, so the eligible total is unknowable",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ef6500ed6cde4110"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The table's own footnote: since the 2022 vote, students studying at Tartu's institutions of higher education without being registered in the city may participate; because the city has no data on their number, 'ei ole võimalik välja arvutada ka osalusprotsenti' — a participation percentage can no longer be calculated, and from then on only voter counts are published. The 2026 rules extend the franchise to 14–26-year-olds studying in Tartu per the Estonian Education Information System.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-379e73432342e273",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "The winners list tracks delivery idea by idea — a single winner, a 2015 amphitheatre on Toome Hill, is recorded as never built",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The 'Ideas that have won so far' list marks each winning idea with its delivery year ('It was put into practice in …') or a planned year; the sole exception is 2015's 'Amphitheatre on Toome Hill. It was not put into practice.'",
      "caveat": "The most recent winners (2024's Karlova Beach and both 2025 ideas) are listed as due for delivery in 2026, so 'delivered or scheduled' — not yet all delivered.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-86d544e5079ed740",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "a slump in year two, growth to the 2019 peak, then a slide and a slow recovery, with even the published peak below one eligible voter in ten",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The trajectory reads directly off the city's table: 2645 (2013), 1938 (2014), rising yearly to 7312 in 2019, falling to 4685 in 2022, then 5380, 5852 and 6316. The highest participation rate the city ever published is 9.3 per cent, in 2019 — below one in ten; from 2022 no rate is published at all.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-8277dec6213e9bfa",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "a peer-reviewed diffusion study found that later Estonian adopters took Tartu as their primary reference",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'All respondents admitted that the example of Tartu was the primary source of information about PB, and for most of them, Tartu was the main case they were referring to when designing their own procedure.' The city's own page lists the followers: Viljandi, Pärnu, Haapsalu, Elva, Kuressaare, Jõgeva, Tõrva, Rapla, Tapa and others.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-199101848296663c",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "several of them voting on the same VOLIS module Tartu had paid to develop for its 2013 pilot",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4859ff2623775145"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'PB functionality in VOLIS was elaborated specifically for the PB pilot project in Tartu, funded by Tartu city government'; the study's comparison table shows Kuressaare, Elva, Viljandi, Pärnu and Puhja also voting through VOLIS.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-ef6500ed6cde4110",
      "title": "City of Tartu — Kaasav eelarve programme and statistics (authority)",
      "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/et/kaasaveelarve",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tartu.ee",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "language": "und",
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       "clm-bd433a000d34c82e",
       "clm-3cc0a5589f5da268",
       "clm-86d544e5079ed740"
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      "temporal": {
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       "updatedAt": "2026-06-22",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The operator record: 2026 rules (ideas up to €100,000 from a €200,000 pot guaranteeing at least two winners; public vote 1–7 October 2026 in VOLIS with ID-card, Mobile-ID or Smart-ID authentication; assisted voting at the town-hall information centre), eligibility (14+ registered residents, 16 until 2018; since 2022 also 14–26-year-olds studying in Tartu), the budget history (€140,000 for the first three years, raised by the city council to €150,000 in 2016 and €200,000 in 2018), the followers Tartu inspired, and the full 2013–2025 statistics table of ideas submitted, ideas on the ballot, voters and votes. Content blocks carry separate revision stamps; the newest shown is 22 June 2026.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-5809f8ed5f8c98e9",
      "title": "City of Tartu — Participative budgeting, process and winning ideas (authority)",
      "url": "https://www.tartu.ee/en/participativebudgeting",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tartu.ee",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
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       "updatedAt": "2026-08-26",
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       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "English overview: 'Tartu was the first city in Estonia that opened its budget designing process to citizens', €200,000 as about 1% of the following year's investment budget, the three programme goals, the organiser (Department of Public Relations of Tartu City Government, counselled by the e-Governance Academy), and the year-by-year winners list with delivery status — including the sole winner never built (the 2015 Toome Hill amphitheatre) and per-winner vote counts from 2022 onwards.",
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     {
      "id": "src-4859ff2623775145",
      "title": "Krenjova & Raudla, Urban Affairs Review — Policy Diffusion at the Local Level: Participatory Budgeting in Estonia (peer-reviewed)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416688961",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "doi.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2017-01-22",
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      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Peer-reviewed (Urban Affairs Review 54(2), published online 22 January 2017, Crossref-confirmed). Documents that participatory budgeting was 'launched first by the city of Tartu in spring 2013', that the e-Governance Academy led the pilot's preparation, the €140,000 first pot, that VOLIS's participatory-budgeting functionality was built specifically for the Tartu pilot and funded by the city government, and that all interviewed later adopters named Tartu as their primary source of information. First author was a project manager at the e-Governance Academy, the NGO that advised Tartu — a participant-affiliated account that passed peer review.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-b6caff8e45ac9b0e",
      "title": "e-Governance Academy — Participatory Budgeting in Tartu City (project page)",
      "url": "https://ega.ee/project/participatory-budgeting-in-tartu-city/",
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       "name": null,
       "domain": "ega.ee",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
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       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The adviser's own record of the 2013 pilot: 'first city in Estonia that opens up its budget designing process for citizens', 140,000 euros as about 1% of the next year's investment budget, eGA consulting the whole process and coordinating VOLIS development for participatory-budgeting needs. A partner's record, not an independent evaluation; the page states no date.",
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     {
      "id": "src-a70c1b714d08988b",
      "title": "Tartu Postimees — Kaasava eelarve hääletuse võitsid nutikad foorid ja toidujagamiskapid (media)",
      "url": "https://tartu.postimees.ee/8339116/kaasava-eelarve-haaletuse-voitsid-nutikad-foorid-ja-toidujagamiskapid",
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       "name": null,
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       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-10-08",
       "updatedAt": "2025-10-11",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-28",
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       "value": "Independent press report of the October 2025 vote: winners 'Foorid nutikamaks ja inimsõbralikumaks' (smarter, more people-friendly traffic lights, 1,276 votes) and 'Toidujagamiskapid igasse linnaossa' (food-sharing cabinets in every district, 1,188 votes). Confirms the most recent completed edition.",
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      },
      "preservation": {
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     "claimsMapped": 14,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
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    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
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   }
  }
 ]
}