{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "tallinn-autonomous-shuttles",
  "title": "Tallinn Self-Driving Shuttle Pilots",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tallinn-autonomous-shuttles/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-27T02:17:23Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-25",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:7e0f6ba1e2c461857df2e6c0cb752a55c044f798c32cdbbb5a8df24177105207",
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    "asOf": "2026-07-25",
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    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "completed",
     "outcome": "scaled-back",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2017,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "TalTech / Auve Tech",
     "actorTypes": [
      "research",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": null,
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
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      "id": "clm-17e619a6a9343195",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "built with SilberAuto and ABB Eesti, and billed as Estonia's first self-driving bus — drove publicly for the first time at the university's centenary on 17 September 2018",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The research group's archive page describes the original ISEAUTO electric shuttle as built with SilberAuto AS and ABB Eesti and dates its first public autonomous driving to TalTech's 100th anniversary on 17 September 2018.",
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      "interpretation": {
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the ISEAUTO vehicle page is now an archive",
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      "supportNote": "The page states of itself that it is the v1 vehicle archive, and lists the project's status as finished.",
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "text": "In the project team's own survey of 51 of the 2020 pilot's passengers — about 10 per cent, on board and online — the overall experience scored 6.57 out of 7 and traffic safety 5.95, and 94.1 per cent said they would use an automated shuttle in daytime against 59.9 per cent at night",
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      "supportNote": "The conference paper on the 2020 Tallinn service reports the passenger feedback these figures come from; its abstract states that a summary of the feedback from clients is presented.",
      "caveat": "A self-evaluation by the operating team on a self-selected sample. The publisher's page did not respond when the sources were last re-read, so these figures rest on the earlier reading.",
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      "text": "The same paper says it addresses events during the operation, including an accident",
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      "text": "Over roughly two months on a 2.4 km route the three ISEAUTO shuttles carried 514 passengers and covered 2,500 km",
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      "supportNote": "The conference paper documents the 2020 Ülemiste City service, whose route connected the offices with the airport and a shopping centre, and reports its operating figures.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "an eight-seater on a 1.8 km circuit in Mustamäe, running 10:00 to 16:00 Tuesday to Sunday at 25-minute intervals for two months in 2022",
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      "supportNote": "The EU record states that the two-month Mustamäe pilot used an eight-seater running a 1.8 km circuit between 10:00 and 16:00 from Tuesday to Sunday at 25-minute intervals, with a security person on board.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "a 2 km loop from the Kumu Art Museum for the month of September 2023",
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      "supportNote": "The city announcement states that from 1 September to the end of the month a self-driving bus operates in Kadriorg Monday to Saturday, free, on a two-kilometre route starting and ending at the Kumu Art Museum.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "free rides between Stroomi Beach and Paldiski maantee for three weeks in December 2024",
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      "supportNote": "The city announcement states that a self-driving bus is offering free rides in the Kodulahe neighbourhood between Stroomi Beach and Paldiski maantee, Monday to Friday until 20 December.",
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Kadriorg was chosen to explore areas where regular public transport was not operating — and trams 1 and 3 were due to start running there the month after the pilot ended",
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      "supportNote": "The deputy mayor is quoted saying that because trams 1 and 3 could begin running in the Kadriorg direction from 1 October, the aim was to explore the potential of self-driving buses in areas where regular public transport is not operating.",
      "caveat": null,
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Kodulahe was chosen because developments in Tallinn had been approved without stops or space for city buses, so the shuttle stood in as a last-mile link",
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      "supportNote": "The deputy mayor is quoted saying many developments in Tallinn had previously been approved without fully considering public transport solutions, lacking stops or suitable spaces for city buses, and that the autonomous bus was being tested in Kodulahe as a last-mile solution connecting residents with the network along Paldiski maantee.",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Auve Tech's next-generation MiCa had already carried passengers in Japan, the United States, the Middle East, Germany and Finland before it did so in its home city for the first time",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Auve Tech's chairman is quoted saying that MiCa, which has operated in Japan, the United States, the Middle East, Germany and Finland, is now carrying passengers in its hometown of Tallinn for the first time.",
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "id": "src-126cae8d329662d2",
      "title": "IOPscience (peer-reviewed) — Self-driving Shuttle Bus Use Case in City of Tallinn",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1140/1/012047/pdf",
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       "value": "Peer-reviewed conference paper (Kalda, Sell and Soe, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1140, 1 May 2021) on the 2020 Ülemiste City route connecting offices with the airport and a shopping centre, its legal requirements for street-legal operation, the events during the operation including an accident, and a summary of passenger feedback.",
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      "title": "EU Urban Mobility Observatory — Tallinn free self-driving bus pilot",
      "url": "https://urban-mobility-observatory.transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/tallinn-runs-free-self-driving-bus-pilot-2022-08-03_en",
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       "value": "EU record of the 2022 Mustamäe pilot: a two-month trial with an eight-seater on a 1.8 km circuit running 10:00-16:00 Tuesday to Sunday at 25-minute intervals, a security person aboard to monitor and intervene, run jointly by the city transport authority and Auve Tech.",
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      "title": "City of Tallinn — Self-driving bus in Kadriorg",
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       "value": "City announcement of 31 August 2023: from 1 September to the end of the month a self-driving bus runs a free two-kilometre route starting and ending at the Kumu Art Museum, Monday to Saturday. The deputy mayor gives the reason directly — trams 1 and 3 could begin running towards Kadriorg from 1 October, so the aim was to explore self-driving buses where regular public transport was not operating.",
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      "title": "City of Tallinn — Self-driving bus in Kodulahe",
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      },
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "City announcement of 2 December 2024: free rides between Stroomi Beach and Paldiski maantee, Monday to Friday until 20 December, using Auve Tech's next-generation MiCa, which the company says had already operated in Japan, the United States, the Middle East, Germany and Finland and was carrying passengers in its home city for the first time. The deputy mayor frames it as a last-mile link for developments approved without stops or suitable space for city buses.",
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      "id": "src-b0445780f5e86463",
      "title": "TalTech Autolab — ISEAUTO v1 vehicle archive",
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      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Research group page, marked finished and described as the v1 vehicle archive: the original ISEAUTO electric shuttle built with SilberAuto AS and ABB Eesti, running ROS and Autoware.ai, with its first public autonomous driving at TalTech's 100th anniversary on 17 September 2018 and use through the 2018-2021 pilot era.",
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    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 11,
     "claimsMapped": 11,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 5,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}