{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "stockholm-stokab-fiber", "title": "Stokab: Stockholm's Municipal Open-Access Dark Fibre Network", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/stockholm-stokab-fiber/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-10-14-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-10-14-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-10-14T06:09:41Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-10-14", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 16 claims and 6 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:35ea5fe42037fa9c0670d556e19f0a97d8deed851f066fec3e8debf136102655", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-10-14", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:8ef3524e8c352494ff463e116a8a81720d869c7bcf652635593ee1520a82893d", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 1994, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Stokab (owned by City of Stockholm)", "actorTypes": [ "city-government" ], "fundingModel": "utility", "fundingDescription": "Municipal utility company, 100% owned by the City of Stockholm; self-financing through fibre-lease fees (SEK 854m revenue, SEK 230m result before tax in 2025, per the city audit office), not a subsidized service", "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-cf532a82409a9bc7", "field": "snippet", "text": "Stokab, wholly owned by the City of Stockholm", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-45af6be2cd030e6b" ], "supportNote": "Stokab's own profile says the company is owned by the City of Stockholm.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6e0349c390dbdc69", "field": "snippet", "text": "has leased dark (unlit) fibre on equal, non-discriminatory terms to any operator, business or institution since 1994", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-45af6be2cd030e6b", "src-33c6f54abe4ea528" ], "supportNote": "The profile dates the start to 1994 and names a competition-neutral network as the goal; the homepage states the owner's mission to build and lease dark fibre on equal terms to companies in all industries.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-abc7d51435e72bc5", "field": "snippet", "text": "it never sells retail internet itself", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-52a674e0523ffaf8" ], "supportNote": "The business-model page says Stokab leases only dark fibre and so does not compete with its customers, who build the active services.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f94f8d0e531a6501", "field": "snippet", "text": "Its network now reaches over 90% of regional households and 99% of commercial buildings", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-33c6f54abe4ea528" ], "supportNote": "The homepage states the network reaches more than 90 percent of households and 99 percent of commercial properties within the greater Stockholm area.", "caveat": "The page carries no date; the figures are the operator's own.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2883726ba2c1f95f", "field": "snippet", "text": "with 100+ operators leasing capacity on it", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-45af6be2cd030e6b" ], "supportNote": "The profile says customers can buy capacity from any of the more than 100 active operators already in the network.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-86d95d48d4521619", "field": "impact", "text": "A 2013 study by the research institute Acreo Swedish ICT, published by Stokab", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd", "src-9554e718554b5879" ], "supportNote": "Acreo's summary, dated 30 May 2013 and hosted on Stokab's own reports page, says Acreo Swedish ICT carried out the study; the full report is Acreo report acr055698.", "caveat": "Stokab publishes the study itself; it is not an outside audit.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-98cf8d1f4a77e992", "field": "impact", "text": "estimated the network's socio-economic return at more than SEK 16 billion", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd", "src-9554e718554b5879" ], "supportNote": "The summary puts the socio-economic return on Stokab's fibre investment at over SEK 16 billion and says it rests on a few quantifiable effects only.", "caveat": "An estimate summing modelled and accounting effects, not a measured net benefit.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2e6ce60c76fe1ea3", "field": "impact", "text": "nearly three times the SEK 5.4 billion Stokab had invested by 2012", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "The summary gives SEK 5.4 billion invested up to 2012 and says the benefits sum to nearly three times the investment.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e75280a12178a517", "field": "impact", "text": "higher property values and rents for the municipal housing companies", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "One component of the total: a higher property value and over SEK 30 million a year in added rental revenue for the municipal housing companies.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fd2e146cce6e34f4", "field": "impact", "text": "about SEK 2 billion in ICT savings for the city and county in 1996–2012", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "The summary says buying data and telecom services on an open market saved the municipality and the county about SEK 2 billion in 1996–2012.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-cffd0bed5eb8a752", "field": "impact", "text": "supplier-industry activity and an econometric estimate of jobs", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "The summary counts economic activity in the supplier industry (over SEK 5 billion) and a 'job value' of about SEK 7.7 billion from Acreo's econometric model.", "caveat": "Supplier spending is gross activity, not a return, and the job value is modelled.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a5d4cfe49dca69ed", "field": "impact", "text": "Against Copenhagen, where the incumbent controls most of the infrastructure, it put lower broadband costs for Stockholm firms at about SEK 75 million a year", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "The summary compares Stockholm with Copenhagen, where the incumbent TDC owns and controls most of the ICT infrastructure, and estimates companies' savings from lower broadband costs at about SEK 75 million a year.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9ce10e4e38664754", "field": "impact", "text": "In its review of 2025 (March 2026), the city's audit office judged that Stokab had run its business purposefully and on a financially satisfactory basis", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-893837c555b625cb" ], "supportNote": "The city audit office's annual report for 2025, dated 2 March 2026, judges that Stokab ran its business purposefully and in an economically satisfactory way and largely met the council's goals.", "caveat": "A governance audit of one year, not an evaluation of the fibre model's effects.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-309604b8191fb326", "field": "impact", "text": "while noting that the company's goal reporting did not fully allow overall goal attainment to be judged", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-893837c555b625cb" ], "supportNote": "The same report says the company's combined reporting on council goals, owner directives and indicators does not in every respect give a sufficient basis to assess overall goal attainment.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-85713c6af1ad3a1c", "field": "lesson", "text": "A city doesn't have to become an internet service provider to fix a broadband market", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-52a674e0523ffaf8", "src-cbf60da99b690ebd" ], "supportNote": "Stokab leases only passive fibre and leaves services to the market; the Acreo summary reports fierce competition and lower broadband prices in Stockholm than in Copenhagen.", "caveat": "The price comparison comes from a study the operator publishes.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ffe7858856d9c2c2", "field": "lesson", "text": "Stokab shows municipal ownership can instead mean building the shared physical layer once and leasing it to a competitive market of operators on equal terms", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-52a674e0523ffaf8" ], "supportNote": "The business-model page describes the fibre as shared infrastructure like roads: Stokab digs once and leases on equal terms, so operators need not dig their own cable and can focus on the active level.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-45af6be2cd030e6b", "title": "Stokab – Stokab in brief", "url": "https://stokab.se/en/stokab/about-us/stokab-in-brief", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "stokab.se", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-cf532a82409a9bc7", "clm-6e0349c390dbdc69", "clm-2883726ba2c1f95f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Ownership by the City of Stockholm, the 1994 start and the company's goal of a competition-neutral network, more than 100 active operators, and 2024 figures (SEK 844m net sales, SEK 246m profit before tax).", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-33c6f54abe4ea528", "title": "Stokab – official homepage network statistics", "url": "https://stokab.se/en/stokab", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "stokab.se", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-6e0349c390dbdc69", "clm-f94f8d0e531a6501" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "2.03 million km of fibre, 24,011 access points, 1,821 new connections delivered in 2024; the network reaches more than 90% of households and 99% of commercial properties in greater Stockholm; mission to lease dark fibre on equal terms to companies in all industries.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-52a674e0523ffaf8", "title": "Stokab – business model (dark fibre leasing)", "url": "https://stokab.se/en/stokab/why-stokab/business-model", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "stokab.se", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-abc7d51435e72bc5", "clm-85713c6af1ad3a1c", "clm-ffe7858856d9c2c2" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The passive-only leasing model: Stokab leases dark fibre on equal terms and does not compete with its customers; around 100 operators and service providers and around 900 corporate customers use the network.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-9554e718554b5879", "title": "Forzati & Mattsson, \"Stokab: A Socio-Economic Analysis\", Acreo Swedish ICT", "url": "http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1131848/FULLTEXT02.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "diva-portal.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-86d95d48d4521619", "clm-98cf8d1f4a77e992" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "English translation of Acreo report acr055698: estimates Stokab's socio-economic return at over SEK 16 billion against about SEK 5.4 billion invested by 2012, from a limited set of quantified effects, and compares Stockholm with Copenhagen.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-cbf60da99b690ebd", "title": "Acreo Swedish ICT – Stokab, a socio-economic analysis: summary (English)", "url": "https://stokab.se/download/18.30ae8a0117353193f441fe/1595312970101/Stokab%20-%20a%20socioeconomic%20analysis%20(2013).pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "stokab.se", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-86d95d48d4521619", "clm-98cf8d1f4a77e992", "clm-2e6ce60c76fe1ea3", "clm-e75280a12178a517", "clm-fd2e146cce6e34f4", "clm-cffd0bed5eb8a752", "clm-a5d4cfe49dca69ed", "clm-85713c6af1ad3a1c" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2013-05-30", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Acreo's summary of its study, published on Stokab's site: return of over SEK 16 billion, nearly three times the SEK 5.4 billion invested up to 2012; the total sums increased property value and rents for municipal housing companies, about SEK 2 billion of ICT savings for the city and county (1996–2012), Stokab's own return, supplier-industry activity and a modelled job value of about SEK 7.7 billion; broadband for companies about SEK 75 million a year cheaper than in Copenhagen.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-893837c555b625cb", "title": "Stadsrevisionen, Stockholms stad – Årsrapport 2025 AB Stokab", "url": "https://start.stockholm/globalassets/start/om-stockholms-stad/politik-och-demokrati/revision/revisionsrapporter/arsrapporter/arsrapport-bolag-2025/stokab-ab-2025-arsrapport.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "start.stockholm", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-9ce10e4e38664754", "clm-309604b8191fb326" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-03-02", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-14", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-14", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city audit office's annual report on Stokab for 2025: the company is judged to have run its business purposefully and on a financially satisfactory basis and to have largely met the council's goals; the audit adds that the company's goal reporting does not in every respect allow overall goal attainment to be assessed. 2,033 new fibre connections in 2025; revenue SEK 854m, result before appropriations and tax SEK 230m; investments 18% below budget because of fewer IoT and 5G orders.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 16, "claimsMapped": 16, "sourcesTotal": 6, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }