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  "title": "SFpark Demand-Responsive Parking",
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      "text": "San Francisco's SFpark pilot wired 7,000 meters with sensors in 2011",
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      "text": "to test prices that rise and fall with demand",
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      "text": "The sensors reached the end of their useful lives and were switched off",
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      "text": "the city kept adjusting rates using meter-payment data instead",
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      "text": "citywide since 2018",
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      "text": "with quarterly rate changes still taking effect in July 2026",
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      "text": "In the 2011-2013 pilot areas, average time spent searching for parking fell 43%",
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      "text": "vehicle-miles/GHG emissions from circling fell 30% versus control neighbourhoods, per SFMTA's 2014 evaluation",
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      "text": "estimated that the rate changes moved blocks toward the 60–80% occupancy target and cut cruising by about 50%, a result its authors called less certain",
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      "supportNote": "The conclusion: \"we estimate that the program is slowly achieving its goal of moving occupancy into its target range of 60-80%. We also estimate that SFpark has reduced cruising for parking by about 50%, although these results are less certain.\"",
      "caveat": "The same paper puts mean cruising in the pilot area at only 0.13 blocks, and a 2020 study by the same authors found cruising for parking in San Francisco to be small overall.",
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      "text": "blocks where prices rose became less full but showed no discernible improvement in parking availability",
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      "supportNote": "The abstract: \"when prices rose, the block-level occupancy of parking fell, suggesting that SFpark worked as intended. But blocks where prices rose showed no discernible improvement in parking availability\".",
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      "supportNote": "The abstract: \"Using a difference-in-difference strategy ... we find that SFpark led to a significant increase in bus ridership and a reduction in traffic flow.\"",
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      "text": "one study found each rate change individually small but cumulatively substantive after ten",
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      "supportNote": "\"The impacts of each rate change are individually small, but after the ten rate changes evaluated in this paper, the changes are shown to be cumulatively substantive.\"",
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      "text": "steering average occupancy into a target band need not make a free space easier to find",
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}