{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "sf-robotaxis", "title": "Waymo & Cruise Robotaxis: Permitted by the State, Not the City", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/sf-robotaxis/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-10-04-baseline-search", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-10-04-baseline-search", "createdAt": "2026-10-04T09:12:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-10-04", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 13 claims and 11 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:ef791fd4fe538af1b8359468179eda22bff2b30b4b2460a6dc83636ef17e2617", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-10-04", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:10bb155668202e96eae1cd17d0cbb2c6f66843c723b6f4d01750d5b108734d37", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "media", "timeline": { "started": 2022, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Waymo LLC; Cruise LLC until 2023. Permits issued by the California DMV (testing and deployment) and the CPUC (fared passenger service).", "actorTypes": [ "private" ], "fundingModel": "private", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-b584c0c66626ac27", "field": "snippet", "text": "the DMV permits driverless testing and deployment", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b3eb5460565a368e" ], "supportNote": "The CPUC page states that its passenger programmes require the matching DMV testing or deployment permit.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-d62340341fa87f77", "field": "snippet", "text": "the CPUC permits carrying passengers for money", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-97828611bd8575ea", "src-23680a3142e11566" ], "supportNote": "The CPUC's own releases record it authorising fared driverless passenger service, first for Cruise in 2022 and for both companies at any hour in August 2023.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-934bc91ff611f10a", "field": "snippet", "text": "The city protested, moved to stay and sought a rehearing", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f68633f3b5765544", "src-354e6fd194dc9b3f" ], "supportNote": "The Court of Appeal recounts the January 2023 protest, the stay motion and the rehearing application; the transportation authority lists its stay and rehearing filings.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-883ff8b737c961f6", "field": "snippet", "text": "the Court of Appeal upholding Waymo's permit in January 2025", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f68633f3b5765544" ], "supportNote": "The published opinion of 14 January 2025 rejects San Francisco's challenge to Waymo's phase I driverless deployment permit.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9c76ebc4de5bec57", "field": "snippet", "text": "Cruise's driverless permits were suspended in October 2023", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-26b29f0cb5ab2663" ], "supportNote": "The DMV's statement suspends Cruise's deployment and driverless testing permits, leaving testing with a safety driver untouched.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-aeeba48a25790cce", "field": "snippet", "text": "GM stopped funding its robotaxi work in December 2024", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-1ea37e9f680a5e2a" ], "supportNote": "GM's own announcement of 10 December 2024 ends funding for Cruise's robotaxi development and merges the teams into GM.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2c5e64c79d6c1eed", "field": "snippet", "text": "Waymo runs on", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-ad6e60800f0a10b7" ], "supportNote": "Waymo's own figures report rider-only miles in the San Francisco Bay Area through June 2026.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6988a675209a336f", "field": "snippet", "text": "since January 2026 also serves San Francisco International Airport under the airport's own approval", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-982f0c6d5e3a6020" ], "supportNote": "The airport announced on 29 January 2026 that it had approved Waymo's passenger service, starting for select riders.", "caveat": "Pickups and drop-offs started at the airport's Rental Car Center, not at the terminal curb.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f2c92813a5699f18", "field": "impact", "text": "San Francisco's protest, stay motion and rehearing request against the 2023 permits all failed", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f68633f3b5765544" ], "supportNote": "The opinion records the protest, the stay motion and the denied rehearing application, and then rejects the city's petition.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e014ceec4d9071a1", "field": "impact", "text": "the Court of Appeal upheld the CPUC on 14 January 2025", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f68633f3b5765544" ], "supportNote": "Published First District opinion dated 14 January 2025.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-321db3095ead806b", "field": "impact", "text": "City firefighters filed at least 31 reports of robotaxis obstructing emergency operations between April 2025 and July 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f58e19f09685c0bb" ], "supportNote": "The SF Standard counts the internal fire department reports; Waymo's answer is quoted alongside.", "caveat": "Most reports describe delays of five minutes or less; Waymo says its cars interact with 50,000 emergency vehicles weekly in California without issue.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-339ea67708b02893", "field": "lesson", "text": "San Francisco collected the incident data", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f68633f3b5765544", "src-f58e19f09685c0bb" ], "supportNote": "The city's stay motion cited 59 incidents of driverless cars interfering with firefighters; the fire department kept logging reports into 2026.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-02f4797de6b671e6", "field": "lesson", "text": "because the permits were never the city's to issue", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-354e6fd194dc9b3f", "src-08320eb92719d297" ], "supportNote": "The city's transportation authority says it has no permitting role, and the senator chairing the state transport committee says no municipal power to regulate robotaxis exists.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-b3eb5460565a368e", "title": "CPUC — Autonomous Vehicle Passenger Service Programs (authority)", "url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "cpuc.ca.gov", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b584c0c66626ac27" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Primary. Defines the four permit tiers (drivered/driverless pilot, drivered/driverless deployment) and states the CPUC permit is separate from and additional to the DMV's deployment permit. Waymo driverless pilot 18 Nov 2022; both deployment permits 10 Aug 2023.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-97828611bd8575ea", "title": "CPUC — Approves permits for Cruise and Waymo to charge fares in San Francisco (10 Aug 2023)", "url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-permits-for-cruise-and-waymo-to-charge-fares-for-passenger-service-in-sf-2023", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "cpuc.ca.gov", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-d62340341fa87f77" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-08-10", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Primary, and the source for keeping the two companies apart: before the vote Cruise's fared driverless service was limited to parts of the city between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., while Waymo needed a safety driver for any fared ride. The approval let both charge fares at any hour.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-23680a3142e11566", "title": "CPUC — First driverless AV passenger service deployment permit (2 June 2022)", "url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-issues-first-driverless-autonomous-vehicle-passenger-service-deployment-permit", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "cpuc.ca.gov", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-d62340341fa87f77" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-06-02", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Cruise's original paid driverless permit: 30 vehicles, select streets, 10 p.m. to 6 a.m., 30 mph maximum, no shared rides. This, not the 2023 vote, is when paid driverless rides began in San Francisco.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-26b29f0cb5ab2663", "title": "California DMV — Statement on Cruise LLC suspension (24 Oct 2023)", "url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dmv.ca.gov", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-9c76ebc4de5bec57" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-10-24", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Primary suspension order. Suspends the deployment permit and the driverless testing permit; testing with a safety driver was not suspended. Cites 13 CCR 228.20(b)(6), 228.20(b)(3) (manufacturer misrepresented safety information), 227.42(b)(5) and 227.42(c). No set duration.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f68633f3b5765544", "title": "California Court of Appeal — City and County of S.F. v. Public Utilities Com., A169262 (14 Jan 2025)", "url": "https://courts.ca.gov/opinion/published-extended-post/2025-01-14/a169262", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "courts.ca.gov", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-934bc91ff611f10a", "clm-883ff8b737c961f6", "clm-f2c92813a5699f18", "clm-e014ceec4d9071a1", "clm-339ea67708b02893" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-01-14", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Published First District opinion resolving the jurisdictional question. The court found no basis to conclude the Commission acted outside its authority or abused its discretion in issuing Waymo's phase I driverless deployment permit. San Francisco lost.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-354e6fd194dc9b3f", "title": "San Francisco County Transportation Authority — Autonomous Vehicle Technology (city)", "url": "https://www.sfcta.org/policies/av", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "sfcta.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-934bc91ff611f10a", "clm-02f4797de6b671e6" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city's own account of its position: San Francisco does not have a permitting role for AV passenger services. Lists its CPUC filings — the motion to stay of 16 August 2023, the September 2023 rehearing motion, joint SFMTA/SFCTA comments on AV data standards — and its later comments on the DMV's draft AV regulations through February 2026. The city testified it had logged almost 600 incidents with driverless vehicles between June 2022 and June 2023; that figure is city testimony and is not used here as an impact number.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-ad6e60800f0a10b7", "title": "Waymo — Safety Impact (operator)", "url": "https://waymo.com/safety/impact/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "waymo.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2c5e64c79d6c1eed" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator-reported scale: 82.4 million rider-only miles in the San Francisco Bay Area through June 2026. Its crash-reduction studies are peer-reviewed in Traffic Injury Prevention but authored by Waymo employees against a Waymo-constructed human baseline, so they are cited here as operator evidence, not independent evaluation, and no safety-superiority claim enters this entry.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f58e19f09685c0bb", "title": "The San Francisco Standard — Waymo keeps blocking SF firefighters (10 July 2026)", "url": "https://sfstandard.com/2026/07/10/waymo-robotaxi-emergency-response/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "sfstandard.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-321db3095ead806b", "clm-339ea67708b02893" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-07-10", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Counterweight and currency. At least 31 internal SFFD reports of robotaxis obstructing emergency operations since April 2025. Carries Waymo's response that its cars interact with 50,000 emergency vehicles weekly in California without issue.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-08320eb92719d297", "title": "The San Francisco Standard — Sen. Dave Cortese on SB 1246 (22 July 2026)", "url": "https://sfstandard.com/2026/07/22/dave-cortese-sb-1246-robotaxi-qa/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "sfstandard.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-02f4797de6b671e6" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-07-22", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Confirms the authority gap persists in 2026: 'There's no municipal or county ability legally to regulate robotaxis at all.' His earlier SB 915, which would have required local authorization, died in the Assembly Transportation Committee. SB 1246 proposes state fines of 5,000 to 10,000 dollars for stalled vehicles blocking responders.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-1ea37e9f680a5e2a", "title": "General Motors — GM to refocus autonomous driving development on personal vehicles (10 Dec 2024)", "url": "https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2024/dec/1210-gm.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "news.gm.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-aeeba48a25790cce" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-12-10", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "GM's announcement that it will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development and will combine Cruise and GM technical teams to focus on driver assistance and personal autonomous vehicles.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-982f0c6d5e3a6020", "title": "San Francisco International Airport — Waymo approved to begin passenger service at SFO (29 Jan 2026)", "url": "https://www.flysfo.com/about/media/press-releases/waymo-approved-begin-passenger-service-sfo", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "flysfo.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-6988a675209a336f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-01-29", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The airport approved Waymo's fully autonomous ride service to and from SFO as the final phase of a pilot launched in September 2025; service began for select riders, with pickups at the Rental Car Center.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 13, "claimsMapped": 13, "sourcesTotal": 11, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 11, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }