{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "seoul-smart-water-meters",
  "title": "Seoul's Digital Water Meter Rollout",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/seoul-smart-water-meters/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-27T02:03:11Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-21",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:42b384950b54bdd44975e307ca8e86d9f8f1ece3d6c97ccda39f4317ccd8c393",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-21",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:4500488beb5c716cadf7e998cc0f5e6c723ed054e4288403a5462304614ba18f",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "construction",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2022,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Seoul Arisu Headquarters (municipal water utility)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "utility",
     "fundingDescription": "Seoul Metropolitan Government / Seoul Arisu Headquarters (municipal water utility)",
     "cost": "≈KRW 44.1bn (~$31M) for the 2025-2027 corridor-apartment freeze-prevention phase; KRW 1.1bn (~$870k) for the 2022 pilot",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-b0dfeb1cbf1e3729",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A 2022 pilot put 7,600 meters into two mid-blocks in Jung-gu and Seongbuk-gu on a 1.1 billion won budget",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-7bd28b92b79c4616"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city portal states that stage one in 2022 puts a 1.1 billion won budget into replacing 7,600 meters in two mid-blocks, one each in Jung-gu and Seongbuk-gu, with remote-reading meters.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-1366c076c3d3a14d",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "in a 2024 restatement, toward full smart metering by 2040",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8bad572eb411c7c5"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2024 trade report states that the city will complete smart-metering infrastructure by 2040 as stage one, and then use the accumulated data for next-generation services.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4c7d2b8211eac7a4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "From 2026 the utility is spending 44.1 billion won by 2027 to convert about 300,000 corridor-apartment households",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The March 2026 report states that Seoul will invest 44.1 billion won by 2027 in replacing the meters of about 300,000 corridor-apartment households, swapping mechanical meters for digital ones.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-58cc70307a0f2964",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the housing type behind about half of all meter freezes in the city",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The same report states that an analysis of 19,010 meter freezes in Seoul over the past five years found corridor-type apartments accounted for about 50%.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-e70efc3e6df875c2",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "meter freeze incidents fell from 1,853 five years ago to 47 this past winter, a 97% drop",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report states that across the pilot districts of Jongno, Jung, Seongbuk and Yongsan the number of freezes fell from 1,853 five years earlier to 47 this winter, a 97% reduction.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-425ce766ea3f67d9",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "in Jung-gu alone, where 93.6% of meters have been converted, they fell from 400 in the winter of 2020-21 to 3 in 2025-26",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report states that Jung-gu, where the digital meter conversion rate reached 93.6%, went from 400 freeze incidents in the winter of 2020-21 to 3 in the winter of 2025-26.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-935126e6cc4ae262",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Seoul still recorded 2,554 freezes citywide this winter",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report states that 2,554 freeze incidents occurred across Seoul this winter.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4d5e7ed59a2b861e",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "a mechanical meter froze in about two hours at minus 20 degrees and in eight hours five minutes at minus 5, while a digital meter is designed not to freeze at minus 20 at all",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-176fd1e57b8db527"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report gives Seoul Arisu Headquarters' bench-test results: mechanical meters froze in about two hours at minus 20 degrees, 2 hours 32 minutes at minus 15, 4 hours 50 at minus 10 and 8 hours 5 at minus 5, while digital meters are designed not to freeze even at minus 20.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-e4cafdb78975c4f4",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "97% of last winter's 2,046 freezes at homes with poor insulation or long absences",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-1cf9cf3e7547d09f"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The utility's November 2025 winter programme states that of the 2,046 water-meter freezes of the previous winter, 97% occurred at households with inadequate insulation or long absence.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4130b6eff3a1415c",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "300,000 insulation covers and 8,300 thicker cabinet liners for the winter it is in, digital meters for the winters after",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-1cf9cf3e7547d09f"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The same programme distributes 300,000 insulating covers to freeze-prone corridor blocks, thickens the cabinet covers at 8,300 vulnerable locations to 8 mm, and secures 10,000 digital meters described as around four times more freeze-resistant than mechanical ones.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3068a679fb37676a",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "660,000 taps, 30% of the city, by 2030 in the 2022 plan; a cumulative 1.1 million by 2030 in the 2024 one",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-7bd28b92b79c4616",
       "src-8bad572eb411c7c5"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2022 city portal states that 660,000 taps, 30% of Seoul's water meters, are to be replaced by 2030; the 2024 trade report states that a cumulative 1.1 million are to be converted by 2030.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-7bd28b92b79c4616",
      "title": "Seoul city portal — \"100 years of manual meter reading ends\"",
      "url": "https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2004500",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mediahub.seoul.go.kr",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-05-06",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-21",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "City portal, 6 May 2022: stage one converts 7,600 meters in one mid-block each in Jung-gu and Seongbuk-gu on a 1.1 billion won budget; stage two covers the whole Central Waterworks Office area (Jongno, Jung, Seongbuk, Yongsan) by 2026 and stage three parts of the Southern and Gangseo areas by 2030, when 660,000 taps — 30% of the city's meters — are to have been replaced. Seoul manages 105 mid-blocks in all.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-1cf9cf3e7547d09f",
      "title": "Seoul Arisu Headquarters — freeze-prevention program",
      "url": "https://news.seoul.go.kr/env/archives/565606",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "news.seoul.go.kr",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-e4cafdb78975c4f4",
       "clm-4130b6eff3a1415c"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-11-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-21",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Winter programme, 13 November 2025: freezes down 33% on the previous winter; of 2,046 meter freezes, 97% at homes with inadequate insulation or long absence; 8,300 vulnerable cabinets to get 8 mm covers, 300,000 insulation covers distributed to corridor-type blocks, 10,000 digital meters secured as roughly four times more freeze-resistant than mechanical ones; a four-stage alert room going 24-hour below minus 10 degrees, with up to 480 staff able to repair 2,500 meters a day.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-176fd1e57b8db527",
      "title": "Dong-A Ilbo — digital meters, freeze results and the 300,000-household programme",
      "url": "https://v.daum.net/v/20260317164723924",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "v.daum.net",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-58cc70307a0f2964",
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       "clm-425ce766ea3f67d9",
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       "clm-4d5e7ed59a2b861e"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-03-17",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-21",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Press report of 17 March 2026: 44.1 billion won by 2027 to convert about 300,000 corridor-apartment households; 2,554 freezes citywide this winter; bench tests of mechanical meters freezing in about two hours at minus 20 degrees, 2h32 at minus 15, 4h50 at minus 10 and 8h05 at minus 5, against digital meters designed to withstand minus 20; Jung-gu at 93.6% converted going from 400 freezes to 3; the four pilot districts from 1,853 to 47; corridor apartments about half of 19,010 freezes over five years.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-8bad572eb411c7c5",
      "title": "Boan News — 2030/2040 smart-metering targets and AI component",
      "url": "https://m.boannews.com/html/detail.html?idx=129855",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "m.boannews.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-1366c076c3d3a14d",
       "clm-3068a679fb37676a"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2024-05-17",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-21",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press, 17 May 2024: stage one is to complete smart-metering infrastructure by 2040 and stage two to build services on the accumulated data; 120,000 meters in awkward or unsafe reading locations converted by 2023, a cumulative 1.1 million by 2030.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-a5779ee2eb2f70f4",
      "title": "Digital Watch Observatory — program overview",
      "url": "https://dig.watch/updates/seoul-plans-to-adopt-smart-water-metres-for-30-of-its-water-metres-by-2030",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "dig.watch",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-05-03",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-21",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "English-language summary of the 2022 announcement of the smart-metering programme.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 11,
     "claimsMapped": 11,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 5,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}