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  "id": "santiago-air-quality-episodes",
  "title": "Critical Episode Management: A Next-Day Forecast With Legal Force",
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     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
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     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1997,
      "ended": null
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    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Seremi del Medio Ambiente Region Metropolitana (station monitoring, next-day forecast, recommendation); declarations issued by the Delegacion Presidencial Regional Metropolitana; enforcement split between the Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente (large industrial establishments), the Seremi de Salud RM (heaters and health inspections), transport authorities and Carabineros (vehicle restriction) and CONAF (agricultural burning)",
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     {
      "id": "clm-be48f3ac2b864247",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The Seremi del Medio Ambiente for the Region Metropolitana watches ten automatic MACAM stations",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The environment ministry's regional air portal states that the map carries the ten MACAM monitoring stations, updated live during the episode-management season.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "runs the Cassmassi model — a multiple linear regression proposed in 1999 — to predict the next day's maximum 24-hour particulate average",
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      "supportNote": "The peer-reviewed paper names the model, its author, the year it was proposed, its multiple-linear-regression form and that it forecasts the next day's maximum 24-hour PM10 average.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Every winter from 1 May to 31 August, Santiago manages its air by forecast rather than by reading",
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      "supportNote": "The ministry's launch notice gives the season's end date and describes the annual episode-management period set by the decontamination plan.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "for the 2026 season the environmental regulator listed one of 55 affected large establishments as obliged to stop",
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      "supportNote": "The regulator's updated resolution states that one of the 55 affected large establishments must halt its stationary sources in a critical episode.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "a 66% fall over the decade",
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      "supportNote": "The ministry's balance states the ten-year fall in hours of exposure to high pollution.",
      "caveat": "Ministry self-reporting; no independent recomputation of the hour counts exists.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the third-best winter since the plan began operating (MMA balance, 2025)",
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      "supportNote": "The same balance ranks 2025 as the third year with the fewest hours in critical episodes since the first plan started operating.",
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      "text": "by 16 June 2026 the region had recorded 16 episodes (13 alerts, 3 pre-emergencies) against one at the same date in 2025 and none in 2024, in a season running a 79.2% rainfall deficit (Fundacion Terram, 16 June 2026)",
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      "supportNote": "The NGO's 16 June 2026 piece gives the season's episode count, the comparison with the two previous years and the 79.2% rainfall deficit.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Barraza et al. (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017) found wood burning at 12.3% of downtown PM2.5",
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      "supportNote": "The peer-reviewed source-apportionment study resolves the downtown PM2.5 sources over 1998-2012, wood burning among them, using two receptor models on 1,243 filter samples.",
      "caveat": "The abstract as fetched gives the method and the source set; the 12.3% share sits in the paper's results table.",
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "meeting the plan's emission targets releases a plant from the shutdown list, so by 2026 only one of 55 remained on it",
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      "supportNote": "The regulator's list is the count: one of 55 affected establishments remains obliged to stop, the rest having met the plan's requirements.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "src-4a961397ed94dc15",
      "title": "MMA — Autoridades lanzan Gestion de Episodios Criticos (GEC) 2026 para la Region Metropolitana",
      "url": "https://mma.gob.cl/autoridades-lanzan-gestion-de-episodios-criticos-gec-2026-para-enfrentar-la-mala-calidad-del-aire-en-la-region-metropolitana/",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Ministry launch of the 2026 season: the GEC runs 1 May to 31 August; permanent wood-heater ban in the Provincia de Santiago plus San Bernardo and Puente Alto; region-wide heater ban from Alerta; pellet ban, extra plate restriction and industrial halts from Preemergencia; indoor-only school activity at Emergencia.",
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     {
      "id": "src-9727c8740f565cff",
      "title": "Aire Region Metropolitana (MMA) — Nuevas Medidas del PPDA",
      "url": "https://airerm.mma.gob.cl/nuevas-medidas/",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Official measure table by level (Bueno, Regular, Alerta, Preemergencia, Emergencia). Confirms the halt of grandes establecimientos applies only at Preemergencia and Emergencia and that the list is held by the Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente. Does not name the declaring authority.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-1c172766522c6104",
      "title": "Aire Region Metropolitana (MMA) — Calidad del Aire",
      "url": "https://airerm.mma.gob.cl/calidad-del-aire/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "airerm.mma.gob.cl",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Source for the network size and the thresholds: RED MACAM with 10 monitoring stations, and ICAP bands of 200 / 300 / 500 corresponding to 24-hour PM2.5 of 80 / 110 / 170 micrograms per cubic metre for Alerta, Preemergencia and Emergencia.",
       "exact": false
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-83a6963af3efa538",
      "title": "T13 — Declaran la tercera Preemergencia Ambiental del ano en la RM (13 June 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.t13.cl/amp/noticia/nacional/revisa-consiste-aqui-declaran-tercera-preemergencia-ambiental-del-ano-rm-para-e-13-6-2026",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "t13.cl",
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      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-06-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. The load-bearing source for who declares: the Delegacion Presidencial Metropolitana declared the episode for Saturday 14 June 2026 on the recommendation of the Seremi de Medio Ambiente, citing the forecast anticyclonic regime. Also gives the plate digits restricted inside and outside the Americo Vespucio ring.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-0e9b6b49c70d06e0",
      "title": "SMA — GEC 2026: publica listado de paralizacion de grandes establecimientos (Res. Ex. 1258/2026)",
      "url": "https://portal.sma.gob.cl/index.php/gestion-de-episodios-criticos-2026-sma-publica-listado-de-paralizacion-de-grandes-establecimientos-afectos-al-ppda-de-la-rm/",
      "publisher": {
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       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-04-30",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. The opening 2026 shutdown list: five named establishments obliged to halt during Preemergencia or Emergencia from 1 May 2026, and the sanction range of 1 to 10,000 UTA for non-compliance.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-bfe942212a6c9692",
      "title": "SMA — GEC 2026: actualiza listado de paralizacion de grandes establecimientos (Res. Ex. 1365/2026)",
      "url": "https://portal.sma.gob.cl/index.php/gestion-de-episodios-criticos-2026-sma-actualiza-listado-de-paralizacion-de-grandes-establecimientos-afectos-al-ppda-de-la-rm/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "portal.sma.gob.cl",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-05-20",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. The updated list of 20 May 2026: only one of the 55 affected large establishments must suspend operations, the remaining 54 having demonstrated compliance with their emission reduction targets; the single remaining plant is listed for failing to report activity levels and particulate sampling.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-9240d6c73a64ff05",
      "title": "MMA — Mejora la calidad del aire en la RM: en una decada disminuye 66% la exposicion",
      "url": "https://mma.gob.cl/mejora-la-calidad-del-aire-en-la-rm-en-una-decada-disminuye-66-la-exposicion-a-altos-niveles-de-contaminacion-en-invierno/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mma.gob.cl",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-08-29",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Ministry self-reported balance and the origin of every figure in the impact paragraph's first half: 314 hours in 2025 against 915 in 2015, 23 episodes (20 alerts, 3 pre-emergencies), first PPDA dated to 1997, and the enforcement deltas for vehicle restriction, heaters, agricultural burning and industrial compliance.",
       "exact": false
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-9ebe6bf6c28f85ed",
      "title": "Fundacion Terram — Region Metropolitana supera los episodios ambientales criticos de ultimos dos anos (16 June 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.terram.cl/region-metropolitana-supera-los-episodios-ambientales-criticos-de-ultimos-dos-anos/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "terram.cl",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-06-16",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
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      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. The independent counterweight: 16 episodes by mid-June 2026 against one in 2025 and none in 2024, a 79.2% rainfall deficit, and criticism from former environment minister Marcelo Mena that the plan has not been updated since 2018 despite a revision designed for 2022, plus Zoe Fleming's view that current restrictions are insufficient.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-b17e0384807db1cb",
      "title": "Barraza, Lambert, Jorquera, Villalobos & Gallardo — Temporal evolution of main ambient PM2.5 sources in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 10093-10107 (2017)",
      "url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/17/10093/2017/acp-17-10093-2017.html",
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       "domain": "acp.copernicus.org",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2017-08-29",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
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       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26, abstract read in full. Peer-reviewed source apportionment of 1,243 filter samples: wood burning 12.3 +/- 1.0% of PM2.5 and the only major source that did not significantly change, while motor vehicles, industry, copper smelters and coastal sources all fell significantly. Note the period ends in 2012, six years before the permanent heater ban, so it does not evaluate today's prohibition.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-7cfe7cce9926eb86",
      "title": "Alvarado, Silva & Caceres — Modelacion de episodios criticos de contaminacion por material particulado (PM10) en Santiago de Chile, Gac Sanit 2010;24(6):480-487",
      "url": "https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0213-91112010000600006",
      "publisher": {
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       "domain": "scielo.isciii.es",
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       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Peer-reviewed description of the official forecasting method: the Cassmassi model proposed in 1999, a multiple linear regression forecasting the next day's maximum 24-hour mean concentration, and the PM10 bands then used to classify the day as bueno, alerta, preemergencia or emergencia.",
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      "title": "Jorquera — Air quality management in Chile: Effectiveness of PM2.5 regulations, Urban Climate 35, 100764 (2021)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26 via the university's publication record, since the article itself is paywalled at the publisher. Peer-reviewed, meteorologically adjusted trends across 33 stations in 23 cities: a significant downward PM2.5 trend in cities with a management plan, Santiago among them. Cited as plan-level evidence only; it does not isolate the episode regime.",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. National air quality information system page for the region: the MACAM network has had systematic measurements since 1987 (Santiago Centro, Las Condes, Independencia) and was expanded in 1997 (La Florida, El Bosque, Pudahuel, Cerrillos). Also notes that additional networks installed under project environmental permits are not carried in SINCA.",
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       "value": "FETCH FAILED — the 2.8 MB PDF returned as undecodable binary and local PDF rendering was unavailable, so nothing in this entry rests on it. Listed because it is the primary operational document for the season and the editor may want to extract the declaration procedure and station list from it directly.",
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    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
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}