{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "paris-grand-paris-zfe", "title": "Grand Paris Low-Emission Zone (ZFE-m)", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/paris-grand-paris-zfe/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-p1-quality-uplift", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-20-source-dates", "createdAt": "2026-08-20T19:29:52Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-25", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 1 claim and 4 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:d04070e448b9762f2b96341c24a20cdb652b5cf54529265be8f060dc51b71412", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-07-25", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:c68a3e3ef1f5468267b0e964269f999c371d822ad08a9e17fb135455dec2fd2b", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "independent", "timeline": { "started": 2019, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Métropole du Grand Paris", "actorTypes": [ "regional-government" ], "fundingModel": "public", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-19ed63e21228b5b1", "field": "impact", "text": "Airparif recorded a large regional NO2 fall over 2012–2022 but attributes it mainly to fleet renewal and lower traffic", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif's 2024 evaluation reports NO2 exposure down about 40% over 2012–2022, driven mainly by fleet renewal, with the ZFE one contributing factor.", "caveat": "The attribution comes from Airparif's modelling, not a controlled experiment.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-8878776764ec5547", "title": "Métropole du Grand Paris — La Zone à Faibles Émissions métropolitaine", "url": "https://metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/la-zone-faibles-emissions-metropolitaine", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "metropolegrandparis.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2000-05-31", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator/authority: perimeter inside A86, Crit'Air phase-in schedule (5/4/3), operating hours.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-0269a386af2bb624", "title": "Airparif — Évaluation a posteriori de la ZFE-m du Grand Paris (May 2024)", "url": "https://www.airparif.fr/sites/default/files/document_publication/20240531_ZFE_MGP_Eval_a_posteriori_web.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "airparif.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-19ed63e21228b5b1" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Independent air-quality monitoring: NO2 exposure -40% 2012-2022, driven mainly by fleet renewal (~55%) and traffic reduction (~25%); ZFE one factor among several.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-a89e8aa03614721b", "title": "Caradisiac — Contrôles ZFE reportés en 2026 (2025)", "url": "https://www.caradisiac.com/controles-zfe-reportes-en-2026-pourquoi-vous-n-aurez-toujours-pas-d-amende-dans-le-grand-paris-219569.htm", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "caradisiac.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-12-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Enforcement delay: automated sanctions postponed, pedagogical no-fine period extended to Dec 2026; May-2025 National Assembly vote to abolish ZFEs.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-ed1c1062f6bba0fd", "title": "L'Argus — Report de la verbalisation des véhicules bannis", "url": "https://www.largus.fr/actualite-automobile/zfe-du-grand-paris-report-de-la-verbalisation-des-vehicules-bannis-10812392.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "largus.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-12-28", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Second independent confirmation that automated vidéo-verbalisation (planned H2 2024) was postponed for want of an operational camera system.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 1, "claimsMapped": 1, "sourcesTotal": 4, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 1, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } }, { "id": "2026-08-27-p1-quality-uplift", "createdAt": "2026-08-26T23:41:56Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-25", "changeType": "update", "summary": "Full claim mapping over snippet, impact and lesson; sourced impact and lesson added; source dates recorded.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/projectFingerprint", "summary": "Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record." }, { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/claims", "summary": "Updated claims to the current sourced project record." }, { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/sources", "summary": "Updated sources to the current sourced project record." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:7cfa2a73c1e66db43b7c0d1438211c15d9b7f27fd022ee5385c7716060f3f168", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-07-25", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:5fd516c1c446d015ccedc26093cfd330436c9eecdb0c5ae32c18494631724fd8", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "independent", "timeline": { "started": 2019, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Métropole du Grand Paris", "actorTypes": [ "regional-government" ], "fundingModel": "public", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-15013d2b934a8e27", "field": "snippet", "text": "using France's Crit'Air windscreen stickers to classify vehicles by emissions", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8878776764ec5547" ], "supportNote": "The metropolis's own page for the zone describes the Crit'Air sticker classification and the perimeter inside the A86.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-22e14b4b3ca67ad9", "field": "snippet", "text": "It rolled out in phases from July 2019 (banning Crit'Air 5 and unclassified vehicles), extending to Crit'Air 4 in 2021 and Crit'Air 3 in January 2025", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8878776764ec5547", "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "The authority's page sets out the phase-in schedule; Airparif's evaluation dates the steps to deliberation of the metropolitan council of 1 December 2020 and evaluates the first two (2019 and 2021).", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e72a1e5f01f6d63f", "field": "snippet", "text": "it was shelved sine die at the end of 2021 for want of a working camera system", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-ed1c1062f6bba0fd" ], "supportNote": "L'Argus: 'La vidéoverbalisation des véhicules bannis de la circulation dans la ZFE du Grand Paris initialement prévue à partir de fin décembre 2021 a été reportée sine die', and 'le projet d'identifier les voitures interdites à l'aide d'une caméra a en effet pris du retard'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-61c15c2df1a624ab", "field": "snippet", "text": "the sanction-free 'pedagogical' period now runs to December 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a89e8aa03614721b" ], "supportNote": "Caradisiac: 'la période pédagogique … est également prolongée jusqu'à décembre 2026'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-dfc39094a9b715ae", "field": "snippet", "text": "in May 2025 the National Assembly voted (not yet enacted) to scrap France's low-emission zones", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a89e8aa03614721b" ], "supportNote": "Caradisiac: 'Malgré leur suppression par l'Assemblée nationale en mai dernier, les ZFE initiées en 2019 et déjà mise en place continue d'exister.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-41a60a69a53c93fe", "field": "impact", "text": "Road-traffic NOx emissions inside the perimeter fell 42% between 2017 and 2023 with the first two steps in force, against 36% modelled without them — six percentage points attributable to the ZFE-m", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif: 'En 2023, la baisse des émissions de NOx est de 42 % par rapport à 2017 grâce à la mise en œuvre des deux premières étapes de la ZFE-m. Sans cette mesure, cette baisse aurait été de seulement 36 %, soit 6 points attribuables à la ZFE-m.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6148eab112f49aa5", "field": "impact", "text": "and fourteen points for private cars taken alone", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif: 'la baisse des émissions de NOx des véhicules particuliers entre 2017 et 2023 est de 35 % avec la mise en place de la ZFE-m, contre seulement 21 % s'il n'y avait pas eu de restriction de circulation. Cela indique que la ZFE-m permet de diminuer les émissions de NOx dues aux VP de 14 % par rapport à 2017.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-676e97e2ba84e474", "field": "impact", "text": "For PM10 the attributable gain is two points, because 82% of road-traffic PM10 comes off brakes, tyres and the road surface rather than the exhaust the stickers grade", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif: 'En 2023, la baisse des émissions de PM10 dans le périmètre de la ZFE-m est de 23 % par rapport à 2017 avec sa mise en œuvre, contre 21 % sans ; soit 2 points attribuables à la ZFE-m. Cela s'explique par la contribution importante de l'abrasion (82 % des émissions de PM10 du trafic routier sont issues de l'abrasion, contre 14 % pour celles issues de l'échappement).'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-97d7e19fe27db3d1", "field": "impact", "text": "for PM2.5 no share was attributed at all, the trend not being statistically significant", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif: 'Les tendances de l'impact trafic sur les particules PM10 sur la période 2017-2019 et en PM2.5 sur les deux périodes étudiées ne sont pas statistiquement significatives … l'attribution d'une part de cette diminution à la ZFE-m métropolitaine n'a donc pas été effectuée.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c864c1eab91e8ece", "field": "impact", "text": "possible effects of the zone on traffic volume were not considered", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif states the method's boundary: 'De possibles effets de la ZFE-m sur le volume de trafic routier ne sont pas considérés.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9ee9f18766841e7c", "field": "impact", "text": "Across Île-de-France 5,000 people were still exposed to illegal NO2 levels in 2023, against 40,000 in 2022", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "Airparif's conclusion: '5 000 Franciliens restant exposés à des dépassements de la valeur limite réglementaire pour le dioxyde d'azote (NO2) contre 40 000 en 2022'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-dfcc32d1cd5107be", "field": "lesson", "text": "six points of NOx against two of PM10, because four fifths of the particles a car sheds come off its brakes, tyres and the road", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0269a386af2bb624" ], "supportNote": "The two attribution figures and the abrasion share (82%) come from the same Airparif evaluation.", "caveat": "'Four fifths' rounds Airparif's 82%.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9454db78c9a5b797", "field": "lesson", "text": "the cameras were shelved at the end of 2021 for want of a working system", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-ed1c1062f6bba0fd", "src-a89e8aa03614721b" ], "supportNote": "L'Argus reports the sine die postponement for want of an operational camera system; Caradisiac reports the extension of the no-fine period to December 2026.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-8878776764ec5547", "title": "Métropole du Grand Paris — La Zone à Faibles Émissions métropolitaine", "url": "https://metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/la-zone-faibles-emissions-metropolitaine", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "metropolegrandparis.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-15013d2b934a8e27", "clm-22e14b4b3ca67ad9" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator/authority: perimeter inside the A86, Crit'Air phase-in schedule (5/4/3), operating hours. The page carries no publication date.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-0269a386af2bb624", "title": "Airparif — Évaluation a posteriori de la ZFE-m du Grand Paris (May 2024)", "url": "https://www.airparif.fr/sites/default/files/document_publication/20240531_ZFE_MGP_Eval_a_posteriori_web.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "airparif.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-22e14b4b3ca67ad9", "clm-41a60a69a53c93fe", "clm-6148eab112f49aa5", "clm-676e97e2ba84e474", "clm-97d7e19fe27db3d1", "clm-c864c1eab91e8ece", "clm-9ee9f18766841e7c", "clm-dfcc32d1cd5107be" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Independent monitoring association's a posteriori evaluation of the Crit'Air 4 step: NOx emissions down 42% 2017-2023 with the zone against 36% without (six points attributable), fourteen points for private cars, two points for PM10, no attribution for PM2.5; effects on traffic volume not modelled.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-a89e8aa03614721b", "title": "Caradisiac — Contrôles ZFE reportés en 2026 (2025)", "url": "https://www.caradisiac.com/controles-zfe-reportes-en-2026-pourquoi-vous-n-aurez-toujours-pas-d-amende-dans-le-grand-paris-219569.htm", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "caradisiac.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-61c15c2df1a624ab", "clm-dfc39094a9b715ae", "clm-9454db78c9a5b797" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-12-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Enforcement delay: automated sanctions postponed again, pedagogical no-fine period extended to December 2026; May-2025 National Assembly vote to abolish ZFEs.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-ed1c1062f6bba0fd", "title": "L'Argus — Report de la verbalisation des véhicules bannis", "url": "https://www.largus.fr/actualite-automobile/zfe-du-grand-paris-report-de-la-verbalisation-des-vehicules-bannis-10812392.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "largus.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-e72a1e5f01f6d63f", "clm-9454db78c9a5b797" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-12-28", "updatedAt": "2022-10-29", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Published 28 Dec 2021, updated 29 Oct 2022: vidéoverbalisation planned for the end of 2021 was postponed sine die because no camera system was operational; physical checks continue.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 13, "claimsMapped": 13, "sourcesTotal": 4, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }