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  "id": "oslo-toll-ring",
  "title": "Oslo's Time- and Emission-Differentiated Toll Ring",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/oslo-toll-ring/"
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     "timeline": {
      "started": 2017,
      "ended": null
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "Fjellinjen AS (60% City of Oslo, 40% Akershus county)",
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      "id": "clm-618cee7db5f619eb",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Oslo has tolled entry since 1990, but only from 1 October 2017 did pricing become time- and emission-differentiated: rush-hour and diesel cost more, electric cars far less",
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      "supportNote": "Store norske leksikon dates Oslo's toll ring to 1990. Dagbladet states that on 1 October the previous year time- and environment-differentiated rates were introduced, so that a rush-hour crossing then cost 54 kroner for petrol cars and 59 for diesel against 44 and 49 outside the rush, where previously it cost 34 kroner for all cars around the clock. NRK covered the same reform.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A third ring, Indre Ring, followed in 2019",
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      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The Climate Agency's appendix: in June 2019 new toll stations and a new tariff system with more toll cordons were introduced in Oslo and the former Akershus. Fjellinjen's tariff page lists the three rings as Bygrensen, Osloringen and Indre ring.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Fjellinjen — 60% owned by Oslo, 40% by Akershus county — now runs 83 stations across three rings",
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      "supportNote": "Fjellinjen's investor relations page: 'Fjellinjen is owned by the Oslo municipality (60%) and Akershus county (40%).' Its tariff page: 83 toll stations in Greater Oslo on three different toll rings. Store norske leksikon gives the same 83 across three rings.",
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      "text": "Fjellinjen's economy director told Dagbladet that in the days before Easter 2018, half a year after the reform, crossings were down 4.5% on the same period in 2017 — and said himself that the raw March-on-March figure of 13.8% is mostly an Easter-calendar artefact",
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      "supportNote": "Dagbladet quotes Fjellinjen's economy director Magne Liestøl Larsen: total March traffic was down 13.8 per cent against March 2017, but much of the decline is because Easter fell in March this year and April last year; looking at the days before Easter, traffic was down 4.5 per cent.",
      "caveat": "A self-reported figure relayed by the press, not an independent evaluation; and the October 2017 reform combined time and emission differentiation with an overall rate increase, so no part of the change can be attributed to differentiation alone.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "in the first three months after the new rates, crossings in the half hour from 06.00, just before the rush window opens, were up 8.2% year on year; by March 2018 that increase was 1.9%",
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      "supportNote": "Dagbladet: compared with March the previous year the traffic increase in the half hour between 6 and 6.30, before the rush period, was only 1.9 per cent, whereas in the first three months after the new tariffs were introduced that increase had been 8.2 per cent over the same period of the morning.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the Climate Agency writes that almost the entire effect of today's toll rates already sits in the reference trajectory, so its table of emission reductions counts only the later rate changes",
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      "supportNote": "Klimaetaten in the 2023 climate budget: only the additional effect beyond the expected emission level in the reference trajectory is shown, and almost the whole effect of today's toll rates lies in that trajectory; the table therefore presents only the effect of the rate changes in the new supplementary agreement to Oslopakke 3 approved by the city council on 22 June 2022.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "The revenue side is not in doubt: 3,387 million kroner in 2020 rising to 4,680 million in 2024",
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      "supportNote": "Fjellinjen's key financial figures for 2020-2024: revenue of 3,387 MNOK in 2020, 3,690 in 2021, 4,021 in 2022, 4,526 in 2023 and 4,680 in 2024.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Oslo's ring opened in 1990 and was fully automated on 2 February 2008 — neither of those dates changed what a driver pays for choosing a time or a fuel",
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      "supportNote": "Store norske leksikon: Oslo opened its toll ring in 1990, and the Oslo toll ring was fully automated from 2 February 2008 — an automation date, not a pricing date.",
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      "text": "That started on 1 October 2017, when a flat 34 kroner for every car around the clock became 44 off-peak and 54 in the rush for petrol, 49 and 59 for diesel",
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      "supportNote": "Dagbladet: from 1 October the previous year, time- and environment-differentiated rates meant 54 kroner for petrol cars and 59 for diesel in the rush hour against 44 and 49 outside it, where previously it cost 34 kroner for all cars around the clock.",
      "caveat": null,
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "an 8.2% rise in pre-rush crossings in the first three months was down to 1.9% by March",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The same Dagbladet report: the 06.00-06.30 increase was 8.2 per cent in the first three months after the new rates and 1.9 per cent by March 2018.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "the city's climate accounting treats today's rates as part of the baseline rather than as a measure with an effect to claim",
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      "supportNote": "Klimaetaten's note that almost the whole effect of today's toll rates lies in the reference trajectory, and that the emission-reduction table therefore presents only the later rate changes.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "an analysis for the city found men pay more than women because they drive more, and middle- and high-income households more than low-income ones",
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      "supportNote": "The climate budget appendix, citing Urbanet Analyse (2017) on the distributional effects of the new toll cordons: men pay tolls more than women because they drive more; households of several people are affected more than single people; and those with middle or high incomes are affected more than those with low incomes.",
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      "id": "src-c41af8c5cf8ecac2",
      "title": "Fjellinjen — tariffs and toll stations (authority)",
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       "value": "Official operator page: current rates by vehicle, fuel and time of day, 83 stations on three rings (Bygrensen, Osloringen, Indre ring), the 06.30-09.00 and 15.00-17.00 rush windows, and the 20 per cent AutoPASS discount. A living page with no publication date.",
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      "title": "Fjellinjen — notice of the tariff change decided for the coming year (authority)",
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       "value": "The operator's notice of the tariff change: the new rates take effect on 1 January 2026, and the change was adopted by the Directorate of Public Roads for Oslopakke 3 following the revised Oslopakke 3 agreement of 24 May 2024, the Oslo city council decision of 19 June 2024 and the Akershus county decision of 20 June 2024.",
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       "value": "The Climate Agency's own accounting note: almost the whole effect of today's toll rates already lies in the reference trajectory, so the emission-reduction table shows only the effect of the rate changes in the supplementary Oslopakke 3 agreement approved by the city council on 22 June 2022. A report chapter with no publication date of its own.",
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