{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "oslo-klemetsrud-carbon-capture", "title": "Klemetsrud Waste-to-Energy Carbon Capture (CCS)", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/oslo-klemetsrud-carbon-capture/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-10-05-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-10-05-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-10-05T22:28:42Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-10-05", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 20 claims and 6 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:6009803554d9d79968aa7889250e4548c5a347a5fd3f456bdd0afa63e57e60b0", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-10-05", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:dd34426579f69c889797b55d2427811c36fdcc2b39a472fb2bd0d5d4a3a0452a", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "construction", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2022, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Hafslund Oslo Celsio (formerly Fortum Oslo Varme; owned by Hafslund Eco 60%, Infranode 20%, HitecVision 20%)", "actorTypes": [ "utility", "private", "national-government", "city-government" ], "fundingModel": null, "fundingDescription": "Norwegian state 'Longship' (Langskip) programme (~NOK 2.5bn capex support + ~NOK 4.4bn over 10 years for opex/transport/storage) + Oslo Municipality (NOK 2.6bn via preference shares) + Hafslund Celsio equity (NOK 4.3bn) — no confirmed EU funding for this specific project (an EU Innovation Fund application was unsuccessful in 2021)", "cost": "≈NOK 9.5bn (2024 value, P85 budget)", "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-2ff4dfe11feea738", "field": "snippet", "text": "Hafslund Celsio (formerly Hafslund Oslo Celsio)", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The state programme page names the company 'Hafslund Celsio (earlier Hafslund Oslo Celsio)'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fc8e823c2c6d17b6", "field": "snippet", "text": "is fitting its Klemetsrud waste-to-energy plant", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b", "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b" ], "supportNote": "Both describe a carbon capture facility being built at the Klemetsrud waste-to-energy plant in Oslo.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a9d91578b2e3a612", "field": "snippet", "text": "Oslo's single largest greenhouse-gas emitter", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-79e40c9bbb28725c" ], "supportNote": "Oslo's climate agency calls the Klemetsrud waste-to-energy plant the single largest greenhouse-gas emitter in the city.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2e8780d3a04a1a6a", "field": "snippet", "text": "source of 17% of the city's direct emissions", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-79e40c9bbb28725c", "src-8f02e70c12d101f9" ], "supportNote": "Klima Oslo: seventeen percent of Oslo's direct greenhouse-gas emissions come from waste incineration at Klemetsrud; Gassnova's 2022 item gives the same 17%.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-962a32f6593f1db0", "field": "snippet", "text": "whose heat goes into district heating", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b", "src-79e40c9bbb28725c" ], "supportNote": "The plant's recovered heat produces district heating and electricity for households.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-4a27bdb2d781a3b5", "field": "snippet", "text": "Paused in 2023 over rising costs", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-51d75243fd19fb4e", "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "Gassnova reported on 28 April 2023 that an updated cost estimate exceeded the funding agreement's maximum budget and the project would be put on hold; the project page says it was put on hold in spring 2023 due to increased cost estimates.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0dd1cb3766da6d1a", "field": "snippet", "text": "the project restarted after a January 2025 investment decision", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b" ], "supportNote": "The operator's release states that on Friday 24 January the board made the final investment decision, and on 27 January the state support and supplier agreements were signed.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fd83b4ff8a6f51fe", "field": "snippet", "text": "civil works are under way", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The state programme page says civil work is progressing as planned.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-723c57a9c698d9bd", "field": "snippet", "text": "construction of the capture facility itself was scheduled to start in spring 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The page states that construction of the capture facility will start in spring 2026.", "caveat": "Schedule as stated by the state CCS programme in early 2026; a confirmed start date was not found.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-38f0a0fd1435c037", "field": "snippet", "text": "operation is targeted for the third quarter of 2029", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b", "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b" ], "supportNote": "Both state the plant is scheduled to be in operation by the third quarter of 2029.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9a9444f77d683e77", "field": "snippet", "text": "with captured CO2 shipped to offshore storage", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The captured CO2 will be shipped to Northern Lights' receiving terminal in Øygarden and permanently stored beneath the seabed.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1007b3a30e8f9423", "field": "impact", "text": "Designed to capture 350,000 tonnes of CO2 a year", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b", "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b" ], "supportNote": "Both give a capacity of 350,000 tonnes of CO2 annually.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-76aed0bf193de674", "field": "impact", "text": "about 90% of the flue-gas CO2 from the plant", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b" ], "supportNote": "The operator says the facility will capture 90% of all CO2 in the flue gas from the waste-to-energy plant.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1470993a351307f5", "field": "impact", "text": "roughly 200,000 tonnes of it biogenic and so counted as negative emissions", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The project page says about 60% of the plant's roughly 400,000 tonnes of annual CO2 is biogenic, so the project will remove around 200,000 tonnes of biogenic CO2 from the carbon cycle each year, presented as negative emissions (BECCS).", "caveat": "The operator's own release puts the split at roughly half permanent removal and half fossil reduction.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f13a2aa51ec70fe4", "field": "impact", "text": "since the capture facility itself has not been built", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The page says construction of the capture facility was to start in spring 2026 and operation is scheduled for Q3 2029.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-92ba25f198255084", "field": "impact", "text": "Captured CO2 is to be taken to the Port of Oslo and shipped to the Northern Lights terminal in Øygarden for permanent storage beneath the North Sea seabed.", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b", "src-d860998c97e2689b" ], "supportNote": "The operator describes a local logistics solution taking captured CO2 to a new CO2 terminal at the Port of Oslo, where Northern Lights collects it and transports it to its terminal in Øygarden for permanent storage below the North Sea seabed.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-02d85206d7d41034", "field": "lesson", "text": "work stopped in 2023 when cost estimates exceeded the ceiling in the state funding agreement", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-51d75243fd19fb4e" ], "supportNote": "Gassnova: the updated cost estimate showed the project would exceed the maximum budget stipulated in its government funding agreement, and Celsio put it on hold.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-551a468e741ad6ae", "field": "lesson", "text": "resumed only after a cost-reduction phase", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b", "src-51d75243fd19fb4e" ], "supportNote": "The operator says the project entered a cost-reduction phase in April 2023 and reduced costs by about NOK 1 billion before the January 2025 decision.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-18cab717d7d18e54", "field": "lesson", "text": "a revised deal under which the state carries no further overrun risk", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-85beb9d1ee4bdb29" ], "supportNote": "Gassnova says that under the revised support agreement the state will not contribute further grants or risk relief in the event of cost overruns.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-28ad4c0f3c333469", "field": "lesson", "text": "pays NOK 900 million of its support only once the plant is completed", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-85beb9d1ee4bdb29" ], "supportNote": "Gassnova says NOK 900 million of the state support will be paid as a start-up grant when the plant is completed, to strengthen incentives and reduce the state's financial risk.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-d860998c97e2689b", "title": "CCS Norway / Gassnova (Norwegian state CCS programme) — Klemetsrud project page", "url": "https://ccsnorway.com/capture-hafslund-celsio/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "ccsnorway.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2ff4dfe11feea738", "clm-fc8e823c2c6d17b6", "clm-962a32f6593f1db0", "clm-4a27bdb2d781a3b5", "clm-fd83b4ff8a6f51fe", "clm-723c57a9c698d9bd", "clm-38f0a0fd1435c037", "clm-9a9444f77d683e77", "clm-1007b3a30e8f9423", "clm-1470993a351307f5", "clm-f13a2aa51ec70fe4", "clm-92ba25f198255084" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Official state programme page: current owner, construction status, 350,000 t/yr capacity, Q3 2029 target, 2023 pause.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7a816c75d4f6c84b", "title": "Hafslund Oslo Celsio — final investment decision announcement (via NTB)", "url": "https://kommunikasjon.ntb.no/pressemelding/18397537/carbon-capture-in-oslo-becomes-a-reality?publisherId=17848223&lang=en", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "kommunikasjon.ntb.no", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-fc8e823c2c6d17b6", "clm-0dd1cb3766da6d1a", "clm-38f0a0fd1435c037", "clm-1007b3a30e8f9423", "clm-76aed0bf193de674", "clm-92ba25f198255084", "clm-551a468e741ad6ae" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-01-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator's own release: 24 Jan 2025 FID, capacity, full funding breakdown by state/municipality/company.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-8f02e70c12d101f9", "title": "Gassnova — Klemetsrud carbon capture agreement signed", "url": "https://gassnova.no/en/news/klemetsrud-carbon-capture-agreement-signed", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "gassnova.no", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2e8780d3a04a1a6a" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-06-30", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "State agency page confirming Klemetsrud's place in the Longship programme and the Northern Lights transport/storage link.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-79e40c9bbb28725c", "title": "City of Oslo — Klima Oslo (city climate agency)", "url": "https://www.klimaoslo.no/what-the-carbon-capture-project-means-for-oslos-climate-targets/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "klimaoslo.no", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a9d91578b2e3a612", "clm-2e8780d3a04a1a6a", "clm-962a32f6593f1db0" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-06-13", "updatedAt": "2024-03-13", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "City of Oslo's own account of the plant's 17% share of the city's direct emissions and the 2023 delay.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-51d75243fd19fb4e", "title": "CCS Norway — 'Celsio puts Klemetsrud carbon capture project on hold'", "url": "https://ccsnorway.com/celsio-puts-klemetsrud-carbon-capture-project-on-hold/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "ccsnorway.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-4a27bdb2d781a3b5", "clm-02d85206d7d41034", "clm-551a468e741ad6ae" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-04-28", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Documents the spring 2023 pause over rising cost estimates.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-85beb9d1ee4bdb29", "title": "CCS Norway (Gassnova) — Langskip: Gjenopptar CO₂-fangstprosjektet i Oslo (27 Jan 2025)", "url": "https://ccsnorway.com/?p=8950", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "ccsnorway.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-18cab717d7d18e54", "clm-28ad4c0f3c333469" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-01-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Gassnova news item on the restart: under the revised support agreement the state gives no further grants or risk relief if costs overrun, and NOK 900 million of the state support is paid as a start-up grant on completion.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 20, "claimsMapped": 20, "sourcesTotal": 6, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 5, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }