{
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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
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  "type": "project",
  "id": "nyc-floodnet",
  "title": "FloodNet street-level flood sensors",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nyc-floodnet/"
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 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-correction-run-2",
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   "createdAt": "2026-08-26T09:10:00Z",
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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     "status": "unreviewed",
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     "evidenceGrade": "peer-reviewed",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2020,
      "ended": null
     }
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "NYU Tandon, CUNY & NYC agencies",
     "actorTypes": [
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      "city-government"
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     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "$7.2M in city funding, working toward 500 monitored locations by 2028.",
     "cost": "Under $300 per sensor; hardware design files are open source on GitHub.",
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     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
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      "text": "low-cost ultrasonic sensors that measure street-level flood depth to within one inch every minute, transmitting over LoRaWAN or cellular",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon: the team 'has made sensor design files open source on GitHub alongside its free public dashboard displaying real-time flood data'. The dashboard is the operator's own site.",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon describes FloodNet as 'developed by NYU Tandon School of Engineering in partnership with the CUNY Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) and Brooklyn College', with government agencies using the data, and dates the first sensor to October 2020.",
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      "text": "it passed its 400th solar-powered sensor in July 2026",
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      "supportNote": "The July 2026 announcement states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'; the 2025 piece establishes that the sensors are solar-powered and deployed independently of existing power infrastructure.",
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      "text": "its open-source design has been copied in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico and Brazil",
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      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'The project's open-source sensor design has since been adopted by researchers in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, and Brazil'. The 2025 piece describes the Puerto Rico deployment in detail.",
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      "text": "Since October 2020 the network has recorded more than 2,400 flood events across all five boroughs",
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      "text": "passing its 400th sensor in July 2026",
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      "supportNote": "The milestone announcement is dated 22 July 2026 and states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'.",
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      "text": "NYC Emergency Management takes the feed in real time for situational awareness and to direct recovery efforts after a storm",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the National Weather Service's New York office uses it in flood warning decisions",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'The National Weather Service's New York office uses the data in flood warning decisions and storm impact cataloging.'",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "A May 2026 storm registered nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'During a May 20, 2026 storm, sensors recorded severe flooding concentrated in Central Brooklyn and South Queens, including nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city.'",
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      "text": "Conventional flood monitoring watches rivers and tide gauges",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'Unlike most urban flood monitoring systems, which track waterways and tidal gauges, FloodNet sensors measure water depth directly on streets, sidewalks, and in low-lying areas'. The 2025 piece makes the same point about existing systems focusing on rivers and streams.",
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "before FloodNet the city had no quantitative real-time picture of street flooding and read it off 911 calls and social media instead",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Before FloodNet, city agencies had no quantitative, real-time picture of where street-level flooding was occurring during a storm, relying instead on 911 calls and social media reports.'",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "under $300 a sensor, design files public",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon: 'At under $300 per unit, the sensors cost a fraction of traditional flood monitoring equipment', and 'The FloodNet team has made sensor design files open source on GitHub'.",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "What the record buys is a faster response and better flood maps, not less water",
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      "supportNote": "Every use the sources document is downstream of the measurement: real-time situational awareness and recovery direction at NYCEM, flood warning decisions at the National Weather Service, and calibrating the stormwater flood maps the city must update at least every four years. None of them changes how much water arrives.",
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      },
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     "claimsMapped": 14,
     "sourcesTotal": 6,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
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   }
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   "summary": "Date the partner announcement from the page itself and state plainly which sources carry no publication date.",
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    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
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     "path": "/snapshot/projectFingerprint",
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    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "NYU Tandon, CUNY & NYC agencies",
     "actorTypes": [
      "research",
      "city-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "$7.2M in city funding, working toward 500 monitored locations by 2028.",
     "cost": "Under $300 per sensor; hardware design files are open source on GitHub.",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-8d4be193e0b8496e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "low-cost ultrasonic sensors that measure street-level flood depth to within one inch every minute, transmitting over LoRaWAN or cellular",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon describes each sensor as using 'an industrial-grade ultrasonic range-finder that transmits inaudible sound waves to measure water depth to within one inch, collecting data every minute and transmitting it wirelessly over LoRaWAN or cellular networks'. The Water Resources Research paper is the peer-reviewed description of that design.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a free real-time public dashboard",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon: the team 'has made sensor design files open source on GitHub alongside its free public dashboard displaying real-time flood data'. The dashboard is the operator's own site.",
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      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Run by NYU, CUNY and City agencies since 2020",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon describes FloodNet as 'developed by NYU Tandon School of Engineering in partnership with the CUNY Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) and Brooklyn College', with government agencies using the data, and dates the first sensor to October 2020.",
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      "interpretation": {
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "it passed its 400th solar-powered sensor in July 2026",
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      "supportNote": "The July 2026 announcement states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'; the 2025 piece establishes that the sensors are solar-powered and deployed independently of existing power infrastructure.",
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      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'The project's open-source sensor design has since been adopted by researchers in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, and Brazil'. The 2025 piece describes the Puerto Rico deployment in detail.",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Since October 2020 the network has recorded more than 2,400 flood events across all five boroughs",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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       "added": false,
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "passing its 400th sensor in July 2026",
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      "supportNote": "The milestone announcement is dated 22 July 2026 and states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-62670a6a907b96f5",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "NYC Emergency Management takes the feed in real time for situational awareness and to direct recovery efforts after a storm",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM) receives FloodNet data in real time, using it for situational awareness and to direct recovery efforts in the hours after a storm.'",
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       "added": false,
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     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
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       "added": false,
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      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-43ca080eac355af5",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "A May 2026 storm registered nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'During a May 20, 2026 storm, sensors recorded severe flooding concentrated in Central Brooklyn and South Queens, including nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city.'",
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      "interpretation": {
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     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Conventional flood monitoring watches rivers and tide gauges",
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      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'Unlike most urban flood monitoring systems, which track waterways and tidal gauges, FloodNet sensors measure water depth directly on streets, sidewalks, and in low-lying areas'. The 2025 piece makes the same point about existing systems focusing on rivers and streams.",
      "caveat": null,
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     },
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "before FloodNet the city had no quantitative real-time picture of street flooding and read it off 911 calls and social media instead",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Before FloodNet, city agencies had no quantitative, real-time picture of where street-level flooding was occurring during a storm, relying instead on 911 calls and social media reports.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
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     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "under $300 a sensor, design files public",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon: 'At under $300 per unit, the sensors cost a fraction of traditional flood monitoring equipment', and 'The FloodNet team has made sensor design files open source on GitHub'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "What the record buys is a faster response and better flood maps, not less water",
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      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Every use the sources document is downstream of the measurement: real-time situational awareness and recovery direction at NYCEM, flood warning decisions at the National Weather Service, and calibrating the stormwater flood maps the city must update at least every four years. None of them changes how much water arrives.",
      "caveat": "This is the entry's summary of the uses the sources list, not a sentence any source writes. No source claims the network reduces flooding, and none reports that it does not.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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    ],
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     {
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      "title": "NYU Tandon, 400-sensor milestone (research)",
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     },
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      },
      "locator": {
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       "value": "The flood-event dataset itself, published openly through the NYC Open Data portal. A catalogue record that carries no publication date.",
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      },
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     "claimsTotal": 14,
     "claimsMapped": 14,
     "sourcesTotal": 6,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
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    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
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    },
    "claims": [
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      "text": "low-cost ultrasonic sensors that measure street-level flood depth to within one inch every minute, transmitting over LoRaWAN or cellular",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon describes FloodNet as 'developed by NYU Tandon School of Engineering in partnership with the CUNY Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) and Brooklyn College', with government agencies using the data, and dates the first sensor to October 2020.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-2ceac8f0e6df5a7a",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "it passed its 400th solar-powered sensor in July 2026",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The July 2026 announcement states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'; the 2025 piece establishes that the sensors are solar-powered and deployed independently of existing power infrastructure.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-a32dc1012ccf6c8d",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "its open-source design has been copied in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico and Brazil",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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       "src-ca6c85666a1e70c8"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'The project's open-source sensor design has since been adopted by researchers in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, and Brazil'. The 2025 piece describes the Puerto Rico deployment in detail.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-c6c873b238c4dc43",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Since October 2020 the network has recorded more than 2,400 flood events across all five boroughs",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Since the first sensor was installed in October 2020, FloodNet has recorded more than 2,400 flood events at locations across all five boroughs.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "passing its 400th sensor in July 2026",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The milestone announcement is dated 22 July 2026 and states FloodNet 'has deployed its 400th sensor in New York City'.",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "NYC Emergency Management takes the feed in real time for situational awareness and to direct recovery efforts after a storm",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM) receives FloodNet data in real time, using it for situational awareness and to direct recovery efforts in the hours after a storm.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the National Weather Service's New York office uses it in flood warning decisions",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'The National Weather Service's New York office uses the data in flood warning decisions and storm impact cataloging.'",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-43ca080eac355af5",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "A May 2026 storm registered nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'During a May 20, 2026 storm, sensors recorded severe flooding concentrated in Central Brooklyn and South Queens, including nearly four feet of water in Hollis, Queens, conditions that went largely unnoticed in other parts of the city.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Conventional flood monitoring watches rivers and tide gauges",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The 2026 announcement: 'Unlike most urban flood monitoring systems, which track waterways and tidal gauges, FloodNet sensors measure water depth directly on streets, sidewalks, and in low-lying areas'. The 2025 piece makes the same point about existing systems focusing on rivers and streams.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "before FloodNet the city had no quantitative real-time picture of street flooding and read it off 911 calls and social media instead",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Before FloodNet, city agencies had no quantitative, real-time picture of where street-level flooding was occurring during a storm, relying instead on 911 calls and social media reports.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-88968771563b1fe5",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "under $300 a sensor, design files public",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "NYU Tandon: 'At under $300 per unit, the sensors cost a fraction of traditional flood monitoring equipment', and 'The FloodNet team has made sensor design files open source on GitHub'.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-d9d062d643e39f81",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "What the record buys is a faster response and better flood maps, not less water",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Every use the sources document is downstream of the measurement: real-time situational awareness and recovery direction at NYCEM, flood warning decisions at the National Weather Service, and calibrating the stormwater flood maps the city must update at least every four years. None of them changes how much water arrives.",
      "caveat": "This is the entry's summary of the uses the sources list, not a sentence any source writes. No source claims the network reduces flooding, and none reports that it does not.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
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      "title": "FloodNet NYC (operator)",
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       "domain": "floodnet.nyc",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
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      },
      "locator": {
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       "value": "Project site and free real-time public flood dashboard, including interactive views of past storms. A standing site with no publication date.",
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      },
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
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      "title": "NYU Tandon, 400-sensor milestone (research)",
      "url": "https://engineering.nyu.edu/news/floodnet-nyc-reaches-400-sensors-providing-citywide-view-street-level-flooding",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "engineering.nyu.edu",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
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       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Milestone announcement from the lead institution: sensor count, flood events recorded, and which agencies use the feed.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
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      "title": "NYU Tandon, open-source design and adoption elsewhere (research)",
      "url": "https://engineering.nyu.edu/news/new-york-citys-flood-sensors-inspire-global-networks-monitor-street-level-flooding",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "engineering.nyu.edu",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
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      "claimRefs": [
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       "value": "Sensor specification and unit cost, the city funding total, the 500-by-2028 plan and the adoptions elsewhere.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
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      "title": "Mydlarz et al. 2024, Water Resources Research (peer-reviewed)",
      "url": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023WR036806",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Peer-reviewed description and validation of the low-cost ultrasonic sensor design, published 7 May 2024.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-e0dce313ce4b3996",
      "title": "CUNY Graduate Center (authority)",
      "url": "https://www.gc.cuny.edu/news/floodnet-tracking-system-set-large-expansion-across-all-five-boroughs-thanks-72-million-new-york",
      "publisher": {
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       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
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      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
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       "updatedAt": null,
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       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Partner institution's announcement of the 7.2 million dollar city expansion award, dated 27 January 2023, which set the target of growing from 31 monitored locations to 500 over five years.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-cbc136219fe4a69c",
      "title": "NYC Open Data, FloodNet street flooding events (authority)",
      "url": "https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/floodnet-street-flooding-events-measured-by-floodnet-sensors",
      "publisher": {
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       "domain": "catalog.data.gov",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
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       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
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       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The flood-event dataset itself, published openly through the NYC Open Data portal. A catalogue record that carries no publication date.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 14,
     "claimsMapped": 14,
     "sourcesTotal": 6,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}