{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "nice-flood-monitoring", "title": "Paillon, Magnan and Cagne-Malvan: the Métropole's hydrometeorological watch", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nice-flood-monitoring/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-22T09:13:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-10", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 13 claims and 3 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:4f6a030c21b91b1d3b559679153d2cc8be866f2c757203e6a8f5358c01769a32", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-10", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:936c518fec4e8e2f630be59ef4d2eaf36c0f8d0a9bfc140cfe276c40199c6b72", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 1983, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur — gestion des risques / GeMAPI, with the TRGP tunnel alert operated from the Centre Multimodal des Déplacements", "actorTypes": [ "city-government" ], "fundingModel": null, "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-dafb329fca5e2f46", "field": "snippet", "text": "Because the state only forecasts the big rivers", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator's page draws the division of labour itself: \"L'État est responsable de la surveillance des grands cours d'eau dont les bassins versants s'étendent sur plusieurs intercommunalités, voire départements. Les services de la DREAL et Météo France assurent donc la surveillance du Var dans le cadre de VigiCrues.\" On the other coastal rivers, it says, Nice and then the Métropole had to build their own arrangement.", "caveat": "The page describes the state's role as monitoring rather than forecasting, and its criterion is a catchment spanning several inter-municipal areas or departments rather than the size of the river as such.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-21193489367001b4", "field": "snippet", "text": "Nice and later the Métropole built their own gauging network on the coastal streams that flood the city", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Sur les autres fleuves côtiers, la ville de Nice puis la Métropole ont été conduits à développer très tôt leur propre dispositif de surveillance hydrométéorologique, sur les Paillons, puis le Magnan et plus récemment la Cagne et le Malvan.\" The page also states that the area is exposed to flooding from coastal rivers, mountain torrents, valleys and surface runoff.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-44278964bb759d70", "field": "snippet", "text": "Instrumentation started in 1983 on the Paillons, when the Liautaud tunnel was dug into the river bed", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator dates the start of instrumentation and ties it to the tunnel: \"L'instrumentation a débuté en 1983 sur les Paillons lors de la construction du tunnel Liautaud dans le lit mineur du cours d'eau.\" The French \"lit mineur\" is the low-flow channel of the watercourse.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-de8f2ff3e5306294", "field": "snippet", "text": "nine rain gauges, ten water-level stations and four cameras added to support crisis management on that basin", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator counts the Paillon basin equipment: \"Neuf stations pluviométriques pour la mesure de la pluie et dix stations limnimétriques pour la mesure des niveaux des cours d'eau ont été progressivement déployées sur le bassin versant. Quatre caméras de lever de doute sont venues compléter le réseau de surveillance du Paillon pour appuyer la gestion de crise.\" \"Caméras de lever de doute\" are cameras used to resolve doubt about what a reading means.", "caveat": "The page says the gauges were deployed progressively over the years and does not date the count; the four cameras were added later, to support crisis management rather than measurement.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7dcd9030ce48498c", "field": "snippet", "text": "a flood alert device whose job is to evacuate and close that tunnel before flooding reaches street level", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-f11d53fa1f1d2b43" ], "supportNote": "The Métropole states the purpose of the device: \"Un dispositif d'alerte aux crues a été créé pour évacuer et fermer le tunnel, et prévenir l'inondation en surface.\" The city page names it and says who watches it: \"Le dispositif d'alerte des crues du Paillon géré par la Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur assure la sécurité des usagers empruntant le Tunnel Rive Gauche du Paillon (TRGP). Le système est basé au Centre Multimodal des Déplacements Métropolitains (CMDM) et suivi par 7 jours sur 7 et 24 heures sur 24\", and lists it as \"Le Système d'Annonce des Crues (SAC) du Tunnel Rive Gauche du Paillon (TRGP) pour le Paillon\".", "caveat": "Neither page says the closure happens automatically, and neither states that the rain gauges, level stations and cameras feed this particular device: the city describes a system watched around the clock from the traffic control centre, and the Métropole lists the instruments and the alert device as separate items. The French \"prévenir l'inondation en surface\" can equally be read as preventing flooding at street level rather than as a statement about timing.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-366ab26dc7e48e3e", "field": "snippet", "text": "The Magnan, which runs through the Madeleine district, was equipped from 2013 with two rain gauges, two level stations and three cameras used for image processing", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-eb9e20bacbc6833a" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Le fleuve côtier Magnan, qui traverse le quartier de la Madeleine à Nice, a été équipé à partir de 2013. Le bassin versant est surveillé par deux stations pluviométriques et deux stations limnimétriques, complétées récemment par trois caméras permettant d'effectuer du traitement d'images.\" The supplier describes the same three cameras as measuring instruments: \"Two CamLevel sensors and a CamFlow sensor have also been deployed on the river (Upstream - Intermediate - Downstream). They send the river's real time water levels (CamLevel) and flows (CamFlow) to the authorities.\"", "caveat": "The supplier dates the first equipment to early 2011 with the stations \"operational since 2013\", so 2013 is when the network began working rather than when it was installed. The operator calls the three cameras a recent addition and does not date them.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9b57a4dab5bb9ccf", "field": "snippet", "text": "with alert thresholds set inside an experimental hydrovideo forecasting project fed by radar rainfall", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-eb9e20bacbc6833a" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Des seuils d'alerte ont été définis dans le cadre d'un projet expérimental de prévision des crues utilisant cette technologie d'hydrovidéo et la prévision de pluie à partir de lames d'eau radar.\" The supplier describes the same rainfall input: the HydroCore simulator \"uses spatial measurements and rainfall forecasts on the river Magnan, sent from a dual-polarisation weather radar\" produced by Novimet, giving anticipation over roughly the next hour and a half.", "caveat": "Neither source publishes the threshold values, and neither says what happens when one is crossed.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-007b5a1ca06d5cfb", "field": "snippet", "text": "As metropolitan assets the Métropole counts 14 rain gauges, 20 limnimetric stations and 7 cameras", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator gives the totals under the heading on how the work is organised: \"Cela représente un patrimoine métropolitain de 14 pluviomètres, 20 stations limnimétriques et 7 caméras, auxquels sont associés les automates d'acquisition de mesures.\"", "caveat": "The page presents these as the Métropole's overall holdings, not as a sum for the three basins, and the two figures do not agree with the per-basin counts on the same page: nine plus two plus eight rain gauges and ten plus two plus three level stations. Only the seven cameras match. The same page also mentions a further network of rain gauges deployed in urban areas for runoff monitoring.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-3e11c000e71fd353", "field": "snippet", "text": "telemetered to a flood supervision system and watched by a dedicated engineering team on a 24/7 on-call rota", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-f11d53fa1f1d2b43" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Les données de surveillance sont centralisées en temps réel vers un logiciel de supervision des crues. Plusieurs moyens de télécommunications sont utilisés : GPRS, RTC, ADSL, fibre optique\"; the software also receives technical alarms for sensor and communication failures. On staffing: \"L'ensemble de ces dispositifs est piloté par une équipe d'ingénieurs et de techniciens dédiés. Une astreinte est organisée 7 jours / 7 et 24 heures / 24, avec une mobilisation anticipée par les émissions de Vigilance Météo.\" The city page names the supervisor as \"Le superviseur PANORAMA de la Direction du Cycle de l'Eau et de la GEMAPI\".", "caveat": "The team is described as engineers and technicians, and the page says the on-call rota is mobilised in advance by the national weather service's Vigilance bulletins, so the trigger for staffing up comes from the state rather than from the Métropole's own gauges.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-95fcab724cab93bf", "field": "snippet", "text": "the Var itself stays with the state's Vigicrues service", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-f11d53fa1f1d2b43" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Les services de la DREAL et Météo France assurent donc la surveillance du Var dans le cadre de VigiCrues.\" The city page confirms the same split from its own side: \"Le suivi des hauteurs d'eau et des débits du fleuve Var est assuré par le Service de Prévisions des Crues (SPC) du territoire Méditerranée Est\", and lists \"Vigicrues Var pour le Var\" among the monitoring systems it relies on.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9883bc32a33af1b2", "field": "lesson", "text": "On the Paillon a duty team at the metropolitan traffic centre watches the readings and closes a tunnel", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57", "src-f11d53fa1f1d2b43" ], "supportNote": "Both pages describe a dedicated alert system for the Paillon whose stated purpose is the tunnel. The Métropole: \"Un dispositif d'alerte aux crues a été créé pour évacuer et fermer le tunnel, et prévenir l'inondation en surface.\" The city lists it as \"Le Système d'Annonce des Crues (SAC) du Tunnel Rive Gauche du Paillon (TRGP) pour le Paillon\" and says it \"assure la sécurité des usagers empruntant le Tunnel Rive Gauche du Paillon (TRGP)\", operated from the Centre Multimodal des Déplacements Métropolitains and watched every day around the clock.", "caveat": "Neither page mentions a threshold for the Paillon. The only thresholds either page names are the alert thresholds set for the Magnan and the ones the RAINPOL virtual rain gauges use for urban runoff. Neither page says the tunnel closes automatically when a level is reached; the city describes a system watched around the clock by staff at the traffic control centre.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-915718d5140d124a", "field": "lesson", "text": "on the Magnan the forecasting layer is still described by its operator as experimental", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The Métropole's own undated page still calls the forecasting work a trial: \"Des seuils d'alerte ont été définis dans le cadre d'un projet expérimental de prévision des crues utilisant cette technologie d'hydrovidéo et la prévision de pluie à partir de lames d'eau radar.\" The same page lists \"le développement de la prévision des crues et des inondations\" among the works still to come.", "caveat": "The page carries no date, so it shows what the operator says today rather than how long the project has been called experimental.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-170349f1cae6b9b0", "field": "lesson", "text": "on the Cagne and Malvan, whose monitoring network was completed in 2019, the local alert system is, in the Métropole's own words, still being defined", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a47854ce8099af57" ], "supportNote": "The operator writes: \"Enfin le réseau de surveillance de la Cagne et Malvan a été achevé en 2019. Les enjeux sont essentiellement concentrés dans la partie aval du bassin versant, en particulier la commune de Cagnes-sur-Mer. Le réseau est composé de huit stations pluviométriques et de trois stations limnimétriques. La définition d'un système d'alerte local est en cours.\"", "caveat": "The page is undated, so it establishes that the alert system is unfinished as the operator now describes it, not how long it has been in that state.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-a47854ce8099af57", "title": "Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur — La surveillance hydrométéo et la supervision des crues", "url": "https://www.nicecotedazur.org/services/gestion-des-risques/la-surveillance-hydrometeo-et-la-supervision-des-crues/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "nicecotedazur.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-dafb329fca5e2f46", "clm-21193489367001b4", "clm-44278964bb759d70", "clm-de8f2ff3e5306294", "clm-7dcd9030ce48498c", "clm-366ab26dc7e48e3e", "clm-9b57a4dab5bb9ccf", "clm-007b5a1ca06d5cfb", "clm-3e11c000e71fd353", "clm-95fcab724cab93bf", "clm-9883bc32a33af1b2", "clm-915718d5140d124a", "clm-170349f1cae6b9b0" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-10", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator's own page and the source of every figure used: instrumentation of the Paillons from 1983 with the Liautaud tunnel, nine rain gauges / ten limnimetric stations / four doubt-clearing cameras there, the Magnan equipped from 2013 (two + two + three cameras, experimental hydrovideo forecasting with radar rainfall), the Cagne-Malvan network completed in 2019 with its local alert system \"en cours\" of definition, totals of \"14 pluviomètres, 20 stations limnimétriques et 7 caméras\", real-time telemetry into a flood supervisor over GPRS/RTC/ADSL/fibre, a dedicated engineer team with a 7/7 24/24 on-call rota, and the state (DREAL / Météo-France, Vigicrues) keeping the Var.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f11d53fa1f1d2b43", "title": "Ville de Nice — Le risque d'inondation", "url": "https://www.nice.fr/le-risque-dinondation/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "nice.fr", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-7dcd9030ce48498c", "clm-3e11c000e71fd353", "clm-95fcab724cab93bf", "clm-9883bc32a33af1b2" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": "2025-06-18", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-10", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "City page, updated 18 June 2025. Names the operational pieces from the city's side: the TRGP tunnel alert system run by the Métropole from the Centre Multimodal des Déplacements 24/7, the RAINPOL platform whose virtual rain gauges raise an alert when a threshold is likely to be reached within the next hour, the PANORAMA water-cycle supervisor, and the use of CSU cameras plus field reconnaissance teams during events.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-eb9e20bacbc6833a", "title": "Tenevia — Flooding detection system on the Magnan river, Nice (case study)", "url": "https://www.tenevia.com/en/case-study/flooding-detection-system-on-magnan-river-nice-city/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tenevia.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-366ab26dc7e48e3e", "clm-9b57a4dab5bb9ccf" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-10", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Supplier case study — treated as vendor material, used only for the technical description that the Magnan stations measure level and discharge by camera (CamLevel / CamFlow) and were operational from 2013 for the City of Nice. Its performance framing is not used.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 13, "claimsMapped": 13, "sourcesTotal": 3, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 3, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 0, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }