{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "nairobi-water-atms",
  "title": "Water ATMs: Prepaid Dispensers in Nairobi's Informal Settlements",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nairobi-water-atms/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-20T19:03:10Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 1 claim and 8 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:815ec092a6b951caed2b9800a23a725cf66f15012cdb4fb8ebabc2b51f894bb3",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-26",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:804709d50ef307a1d29f29f4133eb976c550567532195dec30442dc93e46e003",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "scaled-back",
     "evidenceGrade": "peer-reviewed",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2015,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company (county-owned utility), with individual dispensers run under contract by community youth and women's self-help groups",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility",
      "civil-society"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "NCWSC with Grundfos Lifelink (Denmark); the separate token-dispenser strand funded by OFID, UK DFID and Water for the World",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-6156fd77621e6067",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Peer-reviewed fieldwork in Mathare found informal vendors charging \"from Ksh2 (US$0.02) to Ksh50 (US$0.50) per 20 litres depending on where the clients lived\"",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-bfeb381b9895f35d"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The impact cites Water International 45(5), 2020 for the vendor price range, a gap of roughly four to a hundred times the dispenser tariff where a dispenser was working.",
      "caveat": "The same fieldwork found the dispensers few, clustered along the main road and frequently empty, so residents kept buying from vendors.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-96e14ce9bb325277",
      "title": "Grundfos — Public and private partners shape Nairobi's water future (24 Jun 2015)",
      "url": "https://www.grundfos.com/media/latest-news/public-and-private-partners-shape-nairobi-s-water-future",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "grundfos.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2015-06-24",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Partner source, fetched successfully. Confirms the NCWSC–Grundfos Lifelink partnership and AQtap dispensers at four sites in Nairobi informal settlements. Names no donor and gives no prices. Its '4,000 water kiosks, which could be equipped with the AQtap' is potential, not deployment.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-31e3c8f6f5c8583c",
      "title": "The Source (IWA) — NCWSC bets big on technology to serve Nairobi's urban poor (29 Aug 2018)",
      "url": "https://thesourcemagazine.org/ncwsc-bets-big-on-technology-to-provide-water-and-sanitation-services-to-nairobis-urban-poor/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "thesourcemagazine.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2018-08-29",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched successfully; the load-bearing operator-sourced document. Verbatim: 'The Company has installed 4 ATMs in Mathare Mashimoni under the pilot programme and intends to roll out 12,000 dispensers'; price 'less than $0.01 per 20 litre Jerri can'; machines 'operated by local youth and women groups'. Separately records '16 Token Water dispensers since November 2015' in Korogocho and Kahawa Soweto funded by OFID, DFID and Water for the World — kept distinct here, not merged into the AQtap count.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-7eab789d7ca71a95",
      "title": "Sarkar, A. — How 'smart' are we with smart technology: comparison of water ATMs in Nairobi and Delhi, Water Practice & Technology 17(10):2160 (2022)",
      "url": "https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/17/10/2160/91222/How-smart-are-we-with-smart-technology-comparison",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "iwaponline.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-09-29",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Peer-reviewed. Publisher page returned 403; article record verified through search and its DOAJ listing. Supports the 2015 Mathare PPP origin, management by community self-help groups under NCWSC contract, cartel pipe-cutting and theft from dispenser tanks, and the finding that utility staff accepted in interview that the dispensers remain dry through illegal siphoning.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-a26dcaeff2b5e777",
      "title": "Smart technology to serve urban poor: a case study of water ATMs in a Nairobi slum, Water Utility Journal 22:1-12 (2019)",
      "url": "http://www.ewra.net/wuj/pdf/WUJ_2019_22_01.pdf",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ewra.net",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "pdf",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Peer-reviewed. PDF fetched but returned unreadable binary; abstract verified through search. Supports the 2015 first introduction in Mathare, 'meagre presence with a few kiosks located in some favourable sites', unpopular management, opposition from cartels, and dispensers 'mostly underutilised due to insufficient water'.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-adcc8cca1a7413d3",
      "title": "Sarkar, A. — Kenya's urban poor are being exploited by informal water markets, The Conversation (30 Aug 2020)",
      "url": "https://theconversation.com/kenyas-urban-poor-are-being-exploited-by-informal-water-markets-144582",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "theconversation.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-08-30",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched successfully; companion to the peer-reviewed Water International paper below. Source of the vendor price range in Mathare and of 'tanks were also often empty, making them an unpredictable and unreliable supply source'. Caution: the same piece gives the ATM price as 'about US$0.50 for 20 litres', which contradicts both its own claim that ATMs are cheapest and the utility's KSh 0.50 — treated as an error and not used.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-bfeb381b9895f35d",
      "title": "Sarkar, A. — Informal water vendors and the urban poor: evidence from a Nairobi slum, Water International 45(5):443-457 (2020)",
      "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060.2020.1768022",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tandfonline.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-6156fd77621e6067"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-06-16",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Peer-reviewed source behind the price figures. Paywalled — abstract only. Confirms the central behavioural finding that residents kept buying from private vendors despite higher prices, because vendors offered supply and payment flexibility the formal options did not.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200830150832/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060.2020.1768022",
       "archivedAt": "2020-08-30",
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "archive-linked"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-6094042530c8aff3",
      "title": "The Star — expert commentary, Solution to Kenya's water crisis lies beyond supply (29 Jun 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.the-star.co.ke/business/2026-06-28-expert-comment-solution-to-kenyas-water-crisis-lies-beyond-supply-1",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "the-star.co.ke",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-06-29",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The only located source for the current figure of 257 dispensers and the KSh 2 per 20-litre social tariff. Returned 403 on every attempt; the sentence is reproduced consistently across search indexes but is not independently corroborated, the author's affiliation could not be confirmed, and it is signed commentary rather than reporting. Attributed in the entry, not asserted.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-9ba03d3c36bda5ee",
      "title": "Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company — FAQs",
      "url": "https://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/faqs/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "nairobiwater.co.ke",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched successfully and cited for a negative finding: the utility's public FAQ covers connections, billing, meter readings and supply schedules, and says nothing about prepaid dispensers, tokens or water ATMs. The utility's own AQtap project page is indexed under two URL forms and returned 404 on both.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 1,
     "claimsMapped": 1,
     "sourcesTotal": 8,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 1,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 6,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 1,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}