{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "nairobi-matatu-cashless",
  "title": "The Matatu Cash Light Fare Mandate",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nairobi-matatu-cashless/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-20T18:42:52Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 1 claim and 10 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:b093bc3a1b286517072da9fefe91d99133868eb7f37046901149827020df1480",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-26",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:ca1e9f2821827fc8c6d966de45765a94d20a34cd272d16a883e618183baba4c2",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "suspended",
     "outcome": "failed",
     "evidenceGrade": "independent",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2013,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Ministry of Transport and the National Transport and Safety Authority (the rule); Google/Equity Bank, KCB, Co-operative Bank, the Matatu Owners Association and later Safaricom and 28 other licensees (the payment products)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "national-government",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-3bb21315c0756f80",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "A 2021 Southern African Transport Conference case study of Nairobi cashless fare collection — 15 stakeholder interviews and a 6-crew intercept survey — found no single common initiator, sabotage of on-board equipment by vehicle crews, cartels undercutting the fares of compliant competitors, unharmonised bank commissions with no clearing house, and no government support; it counted 46 stakeholders, 18 of them able to render the system inoperable.",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-20d5f226b13d5bbf"
      ],
      "supportNote": null,
      "caveat": "No source found states what share of matatus or trips ever accepted a card.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-6c1e80c9fbc924f3",
      "title": "Kenya Law — NTSA (Operation of Public Service Vehicles) Regulations, Legal Notice 23 of 2014, consolidated (primary law)",
      "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2014/23/eng@2022-12-31",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "new.kenyalaw.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
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      "temporal": {
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Authoritative text of regulation 7(f): tickets or receipts, and from 1 July 2014 a cash light fare system by contactless integrated circuit card conforming to ISO IEC 14443; 7(fa) requires a Central Bank of Kenya letter of no objection. Amendment history shows 7(f) was inserted by Legal Notice 75 of 2014, in force 13 June 2014. The provision is still present in this consolidation, revised to 31 December 2022 — the basis for saying the rule was never repealed.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-9b2efc276ddb6ba0",
      "title": "Kenya Law — Kenya Country Bus Owners' Association & 8 others v Cabinet Secretary for Transport & Infrastructure & 5 others [2014] KEHC 7988 (KLR), 1 July 2014 (court)",
      "url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2014/7988/eng@2014-07-01",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "new.kenyalaw.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2014-07-01",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Confirms bus owners were litigating the underlying notices on the very day the deadline fell, and records that the court had declared Legal Notice 219 of 2013 null and void on 14 March 2014, with replicated provisions in Legal Notice 23 of 2014 unenforceable. That ruling concerned the wider notice (speed governors, night travel ban), so it is not authority that the cash light rule itself was struck down, and the entry does not say so. The later challenge to Legal Notice 75 of 2014 (Judicial Review 447 of 2014) could not be read: kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/108506 returned HTTP 403 on both http and https.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-d050913156043804",
      "title": "TechMoran — Kenyan government puts cashless fare system deadline in December (29 Sep 2014, press)",
      "url": "https://techmoran.com/2014/09/29/kenyan-government-puts-cashless-fare-system-deadline-december/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "techmoran.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2014-09-29",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Source for the slip from 1 July to 1 December 2014, the NTSA director-general's explanation that providers lacked infrastructure and preparation, and the finding that the Central Bank of Kenya had approved no service provider at the July deadline, with KCB, Co-operative Bank and Equity approved by late September.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-f6292e2450da426a",
      "title": "Business Daily — Google quits cashless fare business after BebaPay exit (press)",
      "url": "https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/google-quits-cashless-fare-business-after-bebapay-exit-2080060",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "businessdailyafrica.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2015-02-16",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Source for the 15 March 2015 discontinuation date, the company's 'more than 100,000 active BebaPay users' figure, the migration of users to an Equity prepaid Mastercard, and Google's refusal to give a specific reason beyond narrowing its payments work.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-20d5f226b13d5bbf",
      "title": "Aruho, Behrens, Mitullah & Kamau — A case study of matatu cashless fare collection initiatives in Nairobi, 39th Southern African Transport Conference 2021 (academic)",
      "url": "https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/82383",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "repository.up.ac.za",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-07-07",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26 (University of Pretoria repository record, full abstract). The only independent evaluation found. Method: 15 stakeholder interviews plus a 6-crew intercept survey. Supplies every failure mechanism quoted in the impact field and the 46 / 18 stakeholder counts, and shows that improved data collection was a stakeholder hope rather than a delivered output. Refereed conference proceedings rather than a journal article, hence evidence graded independent, not peer-reviewed.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221209064613/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/82383",
       "archivedAt": "2022-12-09",
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "archive-linked"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-b65f500d6be4f158",
      "title": "Business Daily — Safaricom, NCBA win cashless matatu fares platform contract (4 Jan 2021, press)",
      "url": "https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/safaricom-ncba-win-fares-platform-contract-3247192",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "businessdailyafrica.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-01-04",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Source for the second attempt: a June 2020 NTSA tender, 29 licensed companies, national scope of about 200,000 PSVs, and the COVID contact-tracing rationale under which passenger identities and contacts would reach government. Carries sector revenue and 1 percent commission projections which are forecasts and are not used.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-24833ada12a11b17",
      "title": "WeeTracker — X-raying Kenya's second stab at cashless matatu (13 Jan 2021, press)",
      "url": "https://weetracker.com/2021/01/13/kenya-cashless-matatu/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "weetracker.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-01-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Corroborates the product list of the first attempt (BebaPay, KCB Pepea, the Matatu Owners Association 1963 card, a Mastercard fare card, Family Bank), the roughly 18-month collapse, and the licensing of 29 firms in the second round. Its revenue projections are estimates and are not used.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-8a941ff244cf92ba",
      "title": "TechTrends KE — Safaricom partners with more matatu saccos to collect fares through M-Pesa (9 Apr 2020, trade press)",
      "url": "https://techtrendske.co.ke/safaricom-partners-with-more-matatu-saccos-to-collect-fares-through-m-pesa/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "techtrendske.co.ke",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-04-09",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Dates the mobile-money shift to April 2020 under COVID conditions and names the first saccos: 300+ City Star Shuttle vehicles, then GMK and PinPoint at OTC terminus. Does not describe any reporting or data function for owners.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-4d18d3e91b8e0daf",
      "title": "Tech-ish — Kenyan matatus have finally gone cashless, and M-Pesa is king (25 Jul 2025, press)",
      "url": "https://tech-ish.com/2025/07/25/kenyan-matatus-have-finally-gone-cashless-and-m-pesa-is-king/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "tech-ish.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-07-25",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fetched 2026-07-26. Currency check for 2025-26: every matatu boarded displayed a Safaricom phone, till, paybill or pochi la biashara number, conductors asked for M-Pesa rather than cash, no Airtel Money option was seen, and acceptance was weaker outside the city. This is one reporter's observation, not a measurement, and the entry treats it as such; no survey quantifying digital fare share in Nairobi was found.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-5bad3e8242535cc9",
      "title": "Daily Nation — Revealed: new City Hall rules to limit number of matatus per route, bus fare (press)",
      "url": "https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/nairobi/revealed-new-city-hall-rules-to-limit-number-of-matatus-per-route-bus-fare-5049942",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "nation.africa",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "FETCH FAILED, HTTP 403, as did Eastleigh Voice and Nairobi Wire on the same story. Verified only through search-result summaries, which agree across three outlets that the proposed Nairobi City County Permit to Operate Regulations, 2025 would require operators to adopt cashless fare payment and install fare collection machines, alongside route vehicle caps and filed fare schedules. Reported in May 2025 as proposed and contested in public participation; no evidence found that they have been enacted, so the entry says proposed only.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 1,
     "claimsMapped": 1,
     "sourcesTotal": 10,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 1,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 1,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}