{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "munich-swm-lorawan",
  "title": "SWM Citywide LoRaWAN IoT Network",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/munich-swm-lorawan/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-27T01:42:12Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-09",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 9 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:8a67e0a96579aec14991a533fcbb8ec8a4dd2795615ae61390d3719c0ae94ee3",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-08-09",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:9fce566c34547fb641f0b8a9d5ad6932f37bdfd033ff63ce765fc3265c125f64",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "media",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2018,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Stadtwerke München (SWM)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "utility",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-6e8438684fe41bfe",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "around ten gateways planned in the first year",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-971ace55e70d880d"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The June 2018 trade report states that SWM intended to install around ten gateways in total for citywide coverage by the end of that year.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-b7694fb93d033d9e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "60 by September 2022 — and rented it to outside businesses",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-73c9090704eebc3b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The trade report of 7 September 2022 states that SWM makes its LoRaWAN network, then with 60 gateways, available to external users as well.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-9bee9c4d001d8e7a",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "roughly 50 groundwater gauges that now report automatically, and low-voltage substations that stream temperature, humidity, current and voltage into the control room",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-7efdbc490e6be58c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city IT department's account, based on SWM information, describes about 50 groundwater gauging points automated over the LoRaWAN network and substation sensors constantly transmitting temperature, humidity, current and voltage values.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-215328bbffe006b3",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a six-month comparison of 20 sensors from six manufacturers, then 80 fill-level sensors on old-clothing banks, against a stated goal of up to 1,000 waste containers",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-73c9090704eebc3b",
       "src-7efdbc490e6be58c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The trade report describes a half-year comparison of 20 battery-powered sensors from six manufacturers, undertaken to find devices suitable for tracking up to 1,000 AWM containers; the city IT department's account adds that 80 old-clothing banks were then fitted with fill-level sensors.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-a3a7530d12908ae3",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the system generates the monthly station reports itself",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-7efdbc490e6be58c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The city IT department's account states that the monthly gauging-station reports are produced by the system.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-62da712c6ba70d6f",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "alarming the joint control room through SWM's IoT platform when something goes wrong",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-7efdbc490e6be58c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The same account states that in the event of faults the joint control room is alarmed via the IoT platform.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-68b9e8e5bc10fde5",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the utility says it has implemented more than 30 IoT use cases internally since 2019",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fc7761b0d8a9205c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "SWM's own business-customer page for IoT solutions states that more than 30 use cases have been implemented internally since 2019.",
      "caveat": "An operator count of internal projects, with no list of what they are and no external check.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-5f17e39cea0d18c2",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "no source after 2022 records the container pilot reaching the 1,000 containers it was meant to prepare for",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-73c9090704eebc3b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The stated purpose of the 2022 comparison was to find sensors suitable for equipping up to 1,000 AWM containers; the sources end there, and nothing later in the entry's list records that number being reached.",
      "caveat": "An absence of evidence in this entry's sources, not evidence that the rollout was abandoned.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-24426fa6b18cd94b",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "the LoRaWAN page SWM used to offer business customers now redirects to a generic landing page, and the sidebar item that still names it is no longer a link",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fc7761b0d8a9205c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "SWM's live IoT page for business customers lists 'LoRaWAN Funknetz' in the same sidebar group as 'IoT Lösungen' and 'Quartiersentwicklung', but only that item carries no link target, and the address it used to occupy resolves to the generic business landing page.",
      "caveat": "An observation about the operator's website, not a statement that the network has been switched off.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-7efdbc490e6be58c",
      "title": "muenchen.digital — LoRaWAN and the citywide Internet of Things (city IT department)",
      "url": "https://muenchen.digital/meldungen/digitaler-zwilling/2022/lorawan-internet-der-dinge-de.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "muenchen.digital",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-9bee9c4d001d8e7a",
       "clm-215328bbffe006b3",
       "clm-a3a7530d12908ae3",
       "clm-62da712c6ba70d6f"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-11-18",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-09",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "City of Munich IT department, drawing on SWM information: about 50 groundwater gauges automated with system-generated monthly reports; substation monitoring with control-room alarms; the AWM pilot compared 20 battery sensors before fitting 80 old-clothing banks with fill-level sensors.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-73c9090704eebc3b",
      "title": "50komma2 — SWM test sensors for container tracking (trade press)",
      "url": "https://www.50komma2.de/digitalisierung/lorawan-swm-testen-sensoren-fuer-container-tracking/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "50komma2.de",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-b7694fb93d033d9e",
       "clm-215328bbffe006b3",
       "clm-5f17e39cea0d18c2"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-09-07",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-09",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press: SWM extended LoRaWAN across the whole city, makes the network with 60 gateways available to outside users, and ran a six-month comparison of 20 battery sensors from six manufacturers with the goal of tracking up to 1,000 AWM containers.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-91632ee87ad74954",
      "title": "ZFK — Munich gets a LoRa network (trade press)",
      "url": "https://www.zfk.de/digitalisierung/smart-city-energy/muenchen-bekommt-lora-netz",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "zfk.de",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2018-06-04",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-09",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press, 4 June 2018: SWM is building a LoRa network for the city and will make it available to other companies.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-971ace55e70d880d",
      "title": "Mittelstandswiki — Munich gets a citywide LoRa network (trade press)",
      "url": "https://www.mittelstandswiki.de/2018/06/funknetze-muenchen-bekommt-ein-stadtweites-lora-netz/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mittelstandswiki.de",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-6e8438684fe41bfe"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2018-06-22",
       "updatedAt": "2023-10-30",
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-09",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press, 22 June 2018: SWM planned around ten gateways for citywide coverage by the end of that year.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-fc7761b0d8a9205c",
      "title": "Stadtwerke München — IoT solutions for business customers (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.swm.de/geschaeftskunden/iot-loesungen",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "swm.de",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-68b9e8e5bc10fde5",
       "clm-24426fa6b18cd94b"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-09",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator page for business customers: SWM says it has implemented more than 30 IoT use cases internally since 2019. Its sidebar still names \"LoRaWAN Funknetz\", but that item is no longer a link and the URL it used to point to now redirects to the generic business landing page.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 9,
     "claimsMapped": 9,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}