{
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 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "mumbai-best-electric-buses",
  "title": "BEST electric bus fleet",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/mumbai-best-electric-buses/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-22T21:10:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-19",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:7a7ff2ff156259e057a01208fbd769a118be9533e9cbde474ae6394d4e607819",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-19",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:35b46e6858e9dbd538e2d7edc02798028a5c81c8f43e6be0666c8fa19e51873b",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "media",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2017,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "BEST Undertaking (BMC)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "ppp",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-8b7a932ef45bf0b1",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the century-old bus and power undertaking of Mumbai's civic body, the BMC",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ce651cd478fd1644",
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268"
      ],
      "supportNote": "BEST's own homepage traces its lineage to 1873 (\"The Bombay Tramway Company Limited was formally set up in 1873\"), making it over 150 years old, and Wikipedia confirms it now operates as an autonomous body under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), running both bus transport and electricity supply.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-b7d87bd4832ae5e6",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "roughly 2,900-bus network",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Wikipedia states: \"As of May 2023, BEST had a fleet of 3,228 buses,\" which rounds to roughly 3,000. But BEST's own homepage separately states a different total elsewhere on the same site — \"the help of 3800 eco-friendly buses\" — a figure that matches neither this entry's numbers nor Wikipedia's 3,228; it looks like old, unrefreshed boilerplate (it matches a figure Wikipedia itself dates to \"2021\" and traces to sources from the mid-2000s), not a current count.",
      "caveat": "BEST's total bus-fleet size is reported differently across this entry's own sources — 3,228 (Wikipedia, dated May 2023), 2,911 (see the impact figure, dated December 2024) and 3,800 (BEST's own homepage, undated) — so \"roughly 3,000\" is an approximation across conflicting counts, not a single confirmed figure.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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     {
      "id": "clm-1bcd09b162d1bdde",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "targeting a fully electric fleet by 2027",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8b3589767c93f4f9",
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Sustainable Bus (12 December 2024): \"By 2027, Mumbai public transport operator BEST plans to significantly expand its fleet and achieve full electrification, according to its 2025-26 budget proposal.\" Wikipedia separately states: \"The target was to have a fully electric fleet by 2027.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-155ce7729f348690",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "In February 2023 it introduced India's first electric double-decker",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-9aedc2aded351e11",
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Sustainable Bus (11 April 2023): \"Switch Mobility has launched India's first iconic double-decker bus Switch EiV22 with fully electric drivetrain...The first set of deliveries (in mid February 2023) is part of the 200 electric double decker buses ordered by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) in Mumbai.\" Wikipedia adds independent-press corroboration, citing a Times of India headline: \"Country's first electric double-decker bus launched on CSMT-NCPA route in Mumbai\" (21 Feb 2023), and states it was deployed by BEST on the A-115 route.",
      "caveat": "The \"India's first\" claim originates with the manufacturer, Switch Mobility, and is relayed by trade press (Sustainable Bus) rather than confirmed by an independent body — though it is also repeated by mainstream Indian outlets (Times of India, Economic Times) without a documented rival claim.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-b7ef09087293a2f4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The fleet is GPS-tracked and app-ticketed.",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268",
       "src-efc198e4fac2e007"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Wikipedia: \"All buses have GPS devices installed, which provide real-time information to management as well as passengers,\" and: \"In April 2022, BEST rolled out the 'Tap in and Tap out' ticketing system, making Mumbai the first city in India to get fully digital buses.\" Chalo's own site (the ticketing/tracking vendor) advertises matching consumer-facing features: \"Live Track Your Bus In Mumbai...See the exact location of your bus\" and \"Digital Tickets and Passes In Mumbai. Travel with your bus ticket on your mobile phone.\"",
      "caveat": "Chalo is the private company that supplies BEST's ticketing/tracking app, so its page is product marketing, not independent confirmation. Wikipedia's GPS sentence is also thinly sourced — its citation is a 2012 Mumbai Mirror article about breakdown-prone buses, not a report specifically about tracking coverage — so neither source firmly establishes that GPS tracking and app ticketing cover the electric buses specifically, as opposed to the fleet in general.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-77465a1f6b6f5af3",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Over 700 battery-electric buses in service by late 2024",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8b3589767c93f4f9"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Sustainable Bus (12 December 2024): \"Currently, the fleet consists of 2,911 buses, with 711 being electric, including 50 AC double-deckers.\" 711 rounds to \"over 700.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4ecc7ccf4ea461ee",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "of a ~2,900-bus fleet",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8b3589767c93f4f9"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The same article gives the total fleet as 2,911 buses (\"Currently, the fleet consists of 2,911 buses\"), which rounds to ~2,900. BEST's own homepage, however, separately states a total of \"3800 eco-friendly buses\" elsewhere on its site — a figure that looks like old, unrefreshed copy rather than a current count (see the snippet's fleet-size claim for detail).",
      "caveat": "This 2,911 figure is dated December 2024; three sentences earlier the entry's own snippet rounds the same fleet to \"roughly 3,000\" rather than \"roughly 2,900\" — both are defensible roundings of the same underlying number, but they read as two different figures.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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     {
      "id": "clm-915e22c623787fc8",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "100% electric target for 2027",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8b3589767c93f4f9",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Sustainable Bus (12 December 2024): \"By 2027, Mumbai public transport operator BEST plans to...achieve full electrification, according to its 2025-26 budget proposal.\" Wikipedia: \"The target was to have a fully electric fleet by 2027.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-5aaf94ad298cdfb2",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "A century-old municipal operator",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-ce651cd478fd1644"
      ],
      "supportNote": "BEST's own homepage traces its lineage to 1873 (\"The Bombay Tramway Company Limited was formally set up in 1873\"), and it operates as an undertaking of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai — over 150 years old and municipally run.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-1a163d022bc455d0",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "via long-term wet-lease (gross-cost) contracts rather than buying buses outright",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-cc1a37734b1d9268"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Wikipedia describes BEST's 2022 order as a service contract rather than a purchase: \"The company placed a [₹36,750,000,000] order with Olectra Greentech to supply and maintain 2,100 battery electric single-decker buses for a 12-year period in May 2022\" — i.e. the manufacturer supplies and maintains the buses under a long-running contract, not a straight sale to BEST.",
      "caveat": "Wikipedia's wording (\"supply and maintain...for a 12-year period\") supports the general shape of the arrangement, but never uses the terms \"wet-lease\" or \"gross-cost\" — that specific contract terminology comes from other reporting (e.g. trade and local press coverage of BEST's 2024 Olectra order, which explicitly calls it a wet-lease/gross-cost contract) that is not among this entry's listed sources.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-2d3542b60ebe363d",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "supplier delivery delays have slowed the rollout",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-8b3589767c93f4f9"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Sustainable Bus (12 December 2024): \"Despite a previous agreement for 2,100 electric buses, only 275 have been delivered so far, highlighting the challenge of meeting targets,\" and separately notes that deliveries under the Olectra Greentech orders \"are accumulating delays.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-ce651cd478fd1644",
      "title": "BEST Undertaking (operator, BMC)",
      "url": "https://www.bestundertaking.com/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bestundertaking.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-19",
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       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Confirms BEST is an undertaking of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai; runs city bus service and South Mumbai power supply.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-8b3589767c93f4f9",
      "title": "Sustainable Bus — Mumbai BEST electric bus plans",
      "url": "https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/mumbai-best-electric-buses-plans/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "sustainable-bus.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2024-12-12",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-19",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "~711 e-buses by late 2024; 100% electric by 2027; 8,000-bus expansion plan.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-9aedc2aded351e11",
      "title": "Sustainable Bus — Switch EiV22, first Indian electric double-decker",
      "url": "https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/switch-mobility-eiv22-electric-double-decker-bus-for-india/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "sustainable-bus.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-155ce7729f348690"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-04-11",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-19",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "India's first electric double-decker, delivered to BEST Feb 2023, route A-115, South Mumbai.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     {
      "id": "src-cc1a37734b1d9268",
      "title": "Wikipedia — Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "en.wikipedia.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-b7d87bd4832ae5e6",
       "clm-1bcd09b162d1bdde",
       "clm-155ce7729f348690",
       "clm-b7ef09087293a2f4",
       "clm-915e22c623787fc8",
       "clm-1a163d022bc455d0"
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       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-19",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fleet composition; 2022 Olectra order (2,100 e-buses, ₹36.75bn); parent body = BMC.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-efc198e4fac2e007",
      "title": "Chalo — BEST Mumbai live tracking & Chalo Card",
      "url": "https://chalo.com/mumbai",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "chalo.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-19",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fleet-wide GPS live tracking, digital tickets and contactless Chalo Card (launched Jan 2022).",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 11,
     "claimsMapped": 11,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 5,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}