{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "milan-smart-lighting", "title": "Milan Citywide LED Public Lighting Retrofit", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/milan-smart-lighting/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-correction-run", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources", "createdAt": "2026-08-27T05:20:26Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-27", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 8 claims and 2 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:06a7156e6f5a5db2ada9806857f3f0db2b211af00e9dcf5d6b4c9fdd6caf5ac7", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-27", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:47da2076682ed15c4fcf03618a9af42e1431c2f191d2c02b226db52298335198", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "succeeded", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2014, "ended": 2015 } }, "governance": { "operator": "A2A (A2A Illuminazione Pubblica)", "actorTypes": [ "utility" ], "fundingModel": "utility", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-e97065bd429af605", "field": "snippet", "text": "In September 2014 the City of Milan and the utility A2A announced that all 141,000 city-managed street lights would carry LEDs by August 2015, with 80% of them done by the opening of the Milan Expo that May", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", 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"clm-f6c2616354ee0b40", "field": "snippet", "text": "A2A's own project page reports the retrofit as 136,000 luminaires, at a colour temperature of 4000K, a rated life of 50,000 hours and 100 lumens per watt, with no light emitted upwards", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-23856d8f0340e08a" ], "supportNote": "All five values are on the operator's project page.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7530ac5fbdba1abb", "field": "impact", "text": "A2A, the utility that carried out the retrofit and the only party to have published a result, reports that it cut electricity consumption for public lighting by more than 50%, equivalent to more than 11,000 tonnes of oil equivalent saved a year, and avoided more than 23,000 tonnes of CO2", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-23856d8f0340e08a" ], "supportNote": "The three results are given together under the project page's results heading.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9131873ff4cb347a", "field": "impact", "text": "No baseline year, measurement method or independent check is given with those figures", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-23856d8f0340e08a" ], "supportNote": "The page states the results as bullet points and gives no comparison year, no method and no external verification.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-05780029bc7a9a85", "field": "lesson", "text": "The per-capita consumption falling from 87 to 42 kilowatt hours, the €10 million the city stood to save in the first year, the €38 million A2A would invest over two years: all of it was said in September 2014, before a single lamp was counted, and all of it is written in the future tense in the report it comes from", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8f0164d26d1bb741" ], "supportNote": "The three figures appear in the 2014 announcement as expectations: consumption 'is expected to drop', the city 'stands to save', A2A 'will invest'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-dd45365272210ac0", "field": "lesson", "text": "the two accounts do not even agree on how many lights there are: 141,000 planned, 136,000 reported", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8f0164d26d1bb741", "src-23856d8f0340e08a" ], "supportNote": "The 2014 announcement gives 141,000 city-managed lights; the operator's own project page gives 136,000 luminaires.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-70422ffb86c9e64e", "field": "lesson", "text": "It sets out the lamp, its colour temperature, its life and its efficiency, and the energy that saves; there is nothing about dimming, scheduling or fault detection", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-23856d8f0340e08a" ], "supportNote": "The whole of the 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null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-27", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-09-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Press: 141,000 lights, A2A €38M over two years, 80% done by Expo May 2015 / full completion Aug 2015, 'first large Italian city', per-capita 87→42 kWh, ~€10M/yr saved.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-23856d8f0340e08a", "title": "A2A Illuminazione Pubblica — LED efficiency retrofit of Milan public lighting (operator)", "url": "https://www.a2ailluminazionepubblica.eu/progetto/led-a-milano/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "a2ailluminazionepubblica.eu", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-f6c2616354ee0b40", "clm-7530ac5fbdba1abb", "clm-9131873ff4cb347a", "clm-dd45365272210ac0", "clm-70422ffb86c9e64e" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-27", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-09-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator/official: >140,000 points to LED with remote control, ~500 control boards, ~52% consumption reduction, ~23,000 t CO2/yr avoided. (Returned 503 at fetch time; verified via cached search snippet — editor should re-open before publish.)", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 8, "claimsMapped": 8, "sourcesTotal": 2, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 2, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 1, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } }, { "id": "2026-08-27-correction-run", "createdAt": "2026-08-27T12:48:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-27", "changeType": "correction", "summary": "Re-read both sources in full. The operator page had been cited from a cached search extract carrying figures it does not contain; its URL, note and date are corrected and the ANSA report is dated.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/projectFingerprint", "summary": "Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record." }, { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/claims", "summary": "Updated claims to the current sourced project record." }, { "operation": "replace", "path": "/snapshot/sources", "summary": "Updated sources to the current sourced project record." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:2ff0daa7d54dfca90d31aafbf368149b545ef695aab3c94cf4b4d1f0e5a2eedd", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-27", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:6a311420041605452587a47cbfa2faead2ac34ef69f654f6f39fcb05259f0016", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "succeeded", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2014, "ended": 2015 } }, "governance": { "operator": "A2A (A2A Illuminazione Pubblica)", "actorTypes": [ "utility" ], "fundingModel": "utility", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-e97065bd429af605", "field": "snippet", "text": "In September 2014 the City of Milan and the utility A2A announced that all 141,000 city-managed street lights would carry LEDs by August 2015, with 80% of them done by the opening of the Milan Expo that May", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", 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"clm-f6c2616354ee0b40", "field": "snippet", "text": "A2A's own project page reports the retrofit as 136,000 luminaires, at a colour temperature of 4000K, a rated life of 50,000 hours and 100 lumens per watt, with no light emitted upwards", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f74bafd55738ee7a" ], "supportNote": "All five values are on the operator's project page.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7530ac5fbdba1abb", "field": "impact", "text": "A2A, the utility that carried out the retrofit and the only party to have published a result, reports that it cut electricity consumption for public lighting by more than 50%, equivalent to more than 11,000 tonnes of oil equivalent saved a year, and avoided more than 23,000 tonnes of CO2", 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recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-05780029bc7a9a85", "field": "lesson", "text": "The per-capita consumption falling from 87 to 42 kilowatt hours, the €10 million the city stood to save in the first year, the €38 million A2A would invest over two years: all of it was said in September 2014, before a single lamp was counted, and all of it is written in the future tense in the report it comes from", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8f0164d26d1bb741" ], "supportNote": "The three figures appear in the 2014 announcement as expectations: consumption 'is expected to drop', the city 'stands to save', A2A 'will invest'.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-dd45365272210ac0", "field": "lesson", "text": "the two accounts do not even agree on how many lights there are: 141,000 planned, 136,000 reported", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8f0164d26d1bb741", "src-f74bafd55738ee7a" ], "supportNote": "The 2014 announcement gives 141,000 city-managed lights; the operator's own project page gives 136,000 luminaires.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-70422ffb86c9e64e", "field": "lesson", "text": "It sets out the lamp, its colour temperature, its life and its efficiency, and the energy that saves; there is nothing about dimming, scheduling or fault detection", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f74bafd55738ee7a" ], "supportNote": "The whole of the operator's project page is the lamp specification and the energy results; no control, dimming or fault-detection function is described anywhere on it.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-8f0164d26d1bb741", "title": "ANSA — Milan to become first large Italian city with LED lighting (29 September 2014)", "url": "http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2014/09/29/milan-to-become-first-large-italian-city-with-led-lighting_6ca0a27d-3783-466d-b7d7-a41c21f7d17f.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "ansa.it", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-e97065bd429af605", "clm-ef72a0cebe6cec20", "clm-05780029bc7a9a85", "clm-dd45365272210ac0" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2014-09-29", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-27", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Press, read in full. Every figure is stated as a plan: 141,000 city-managed lights 'scheduled' for LED by August 2015 with 80% done by the Expo opening in May, per-capita consumption 'expected' to fall from 87 to 42 kWh, the city 'stands to save' 10 million euros in the first year, A2A to invest 38 million over two years.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f74bafd55738ee7a", "title": "A2A Illuminazione Pubblica — LED efficiency retrofit of Milan public lighting (operator)", "url": "https://www.a2ailluminazionepubblica.it/it/progetti/illuminazione-pubblica-led-milano", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "a2ailluminazionepubblica.it", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-f6c2616354ee0b40", "clm-7530ac5fbdba1abb", "clm-9131873ff4cb347a", "clm-dd45365272210ac0", "clm-70422ffb86c9e64e" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-27", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-27", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator/official, read in full: '136.000 apparecchi installati nel territorio cittadino', 4000°K, 50.000h, 100lm/watt, 'nessuna emissione verso l'alto', 'ridotto di oltre il 50% il consumo di energia elettrica corrispondente a più di 11.000 tonnellate equivalenti di petrolio risparmiate all'anno' and 'evitata l'emissione di oltre 23.000 tonnellate di CO2'. The page carries no publication or update date, hence date: null. It says nothing about remote control, control boards, dimming, scheduling or fault detection. Previously cited at a2ailluminazionepubblica.eu, which now redirects here.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 8, "claimsMapped": 8, "sourcesTotal": 2, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 2, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 1, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }