{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "milan-atm-contactless", "title": "ATM Open-Loop Contactless Ticketing", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/milan-atm-contactless/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-22T09:12:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-25", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 8 claims and 3 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:6046c07bffba4b5205fb547a3894e6fe166e492106dba33df1df9a254a33ba8a", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-07-25", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:0e09998f379810b80cf8131e74f5912285d551b04a7bf1cda2a31adc2dcea026", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "succeeded", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2018, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "ATM", "actorTypes": [ "utility" ], "fundingModel": "public", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-beb64a5719e9418f", "field": "snippet", "text": "Milan transport operator ATM lets riders pay fares by tapping a contactless bank card, phone or smartwatch, with no ticket needed inside its own network", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a024e920947900d6" ], "supportNote": "ATM's own passenger page opens: \"In Milan you can travel with a credit or debit card, or a smart device wallet on all our transport services.\" It lists the accepted card schemes (\"Contactless bank cards issued by Mastercard, Visa, American Express, Maestro and VPay\") and states that mobile payments work \"with devices associated with a bank card such as phones, watches or other smart devices\". No registration is required: \"No, you don't need to register\".", "caveat": "The page limits the scheme to ATM's own network: \"Contactless payment is only accepted on ATM transport services. It is not valid on S lines and rail services.\" Riders changing to a suburban S line or a Trenord train still have to buy a separate ticket.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fb0ca22ffe9efefc", "field": "snippet", "text": "Launched on the metro in June 2018", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-67f8db51dc21ecd0" ], "supportNote": "The case study dates the metro start precisely: \"In June 2018, contactless ticketing was launched on Milan's Metro.\" It describes Mastercard working with Trenord and Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) so that residents and visitors could pay fares with their own contactless bank card or mobile device. The document is a PDF that refuses automated retrieval, so no page position can be given for the sentence; its wording is quoted here as the case study is published and indexed.", "caveat": "This is the payment network's own account of a deployment it sells into, not the transport operator's. ATM's own contactless page carries no launch date at all, so the June 2018 start rests on the partner's telling.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-52ec7ea0b2b87dc3", "field": "snippet", "text": "one of the first open-loop transit deployments in Italy, with Mastercard", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-67f8db51dc21ecd0" ], "supportNote": "The case study makes the stronger version of this claim: the June 2018 metro launch made Milan \"the first in Italy to bring open-loop payment technology to the transit environment\", with Mastercard partnering with Trenord and ATM. The entry deliberately reports the weaker \"one of the first\". The PDF blocks automated retrieval, so no locator can be given for the sentence.", "caveat": "The primacy claim is made by Mastercard about its own deployment; no independent source is cited for it, and other Italian operators have since been described in similar terms by their own suppliers.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-953a11724f028d49", "field": "snippet", "text": "the scheme covered 113 stations by 2020 and aggregated taps to the best fare across a 90-minute window", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-67f8db51dc21ecd0", "src-a024e920947900d6" ], "supportNote": "The case study supplies the network size and the fare-aggregation idea: the best fare \"is calculated based on passenger rides and service availability across the 113 subway stations\". ATM's own page supplies the daily ceiling and how it is reached: \"If you take multiple trips throughout the day, from the fourth trip the system will apply the day fare as opposed to 4 standard tickets\", and \"the system calculates the cheapest fare on a daily basis (24 hours from your first journey)\". The Mastercard PDF blocks automated retrieval; the locator given here points to the ATM page.", "caveat": "The two halves of this sentence come from different sources and different moments. The case study describes best-fare aggregation over a 90-minute ticket, not a daily ceiling, and no listed source says the daily cap existed when the metro scheme opened in 2018. The 113-station figure is the payment network's count of the metro at the time of the case study.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-19ceccd1a45c49c5", "field": "snippet", "text": "After a 2020 pilot on three lines", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-92beb203500245c9" ], "supportNote": "The report traces the surface rollout back to a trial that began in 2020 on three bus lines, on which roughly 320,000 contactless transactions had been made by the time the full rollout was announced. The publisher blocks automated retrieval of the article, so no locator can be given; the report and these figures are confirmed by the same-day Italian coverage of ATM's announcement.", "caveat": "Accounts of the trial differ on which three lines carried it — most name 50, 70 and 73, a few name 56 instead of 50 — and Italian coverage dates the start to December 2020 rather than to the year in general.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2e0456e3984c7332", "field": "snippet", "text": "contactless was extended to every bus, tram and trolleybus on 13 April 2023", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-92beb203500245c9" ], "supportNote": "The report states that from Thursday 13 April 2023 riders could buy their ticket directly on board buses, trams and trolleybuses, ATM having finished installing 1,500 contactless devices across every surface vehicle on the network at a cost of more than €12 million. ATM's own page describes the same present-day arrangement — \"Pay as you go on trams, buses and trolleybuses within Milan and Zone Mi3\" — but gives no date. The publisher blocks automated retrieval of the article, so no locator can be given.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c2a87e71a6e9461c", "field": "snippet", "text": "A single trip costs €2.20", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a024e920947900d6" ], "supportNote": "ATM's fare explanation names the figure: for trips in the Mi1–Mi3 zone, \"the system will apply the €2.20 fare because the fare permits multiple journeys so long as they are within the 90-minute ticket duration\". The same €2.20 is the amount charged for a single journey, with no commission: \"no commissions, you only pay the fare for the journey\".", "caveat": "The €2.20 is the fare for the Mi1–Mi3 zone that covers Milan and its immediate ring, not a flat network price. ATM applies an ordinary ticket priced by the number of zones travelled, so journeys further out cost more, and the ticket also buys 90 minutes rather than a single boarding.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-195bc737eeeeb4fc", "field": "snippet", "text": "a day in zones Mi1–Mi3 is capped at €7.60", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-a024e920947900d6" ], "supportNote": "ATM states the daily ceiling and its zone: asked \"What is the daily fare?\", the page answers \"7.60 € if travelling in zones Mi1-Mi3.\" The cap is reached automatically — from the fourth trip of the day the system charges the day fare instead of four single tickets — and it runs for \"24 hours from your first journey\".", "caveat": "The ceiling holds for one day and one fare zone only. The same page says other zones have their own, higher daily fares, and answers \"No\" to whether the cheapest fare is also worked out weekly or monthly — so a card used all week is charged a fresh day fare each day. Charges for incomplete journeys are added on top: failing to tap out costs between €0.40 and €1.80 extra, and entering the metro without tapping in is billed at €5.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-67f8db51dc21ecd0", "title": "Mastercard — Milan on the Move with Contactless Ticketing (case study, 2020)", "url": "https://www.mastercard.us/content/dam/public/mastercardcom/na/us/en/documents/mastercard-transit-solutions-milan-contactless-case-study-may-2020.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "mastercard.us", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-fb0ca22ffe9efefc", "clm-52ec7ea0b2b87dc3", "clm-953a11724f028d49" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Metro launch June 2018 across 113 stations; framed as first open-loop transit deployment in Italy; best-fare aggregation (cheapest fare / daily cap). Operator/partner source.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-92beb203500245c9", "title": "Agenzia Nova — Contactless payments also on buses and trams in Milan from 13 April", "url": "https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/a-milano-dal-13-aprile-i-pagamenti-contactless-anche-bus-e-tram/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "agenzianova.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-19ceccd1a45c49c5", "clm-2e0456e3984c7332" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Surface rollout 13 April 2023 to all buses/trams/trolleybuses; 1,500 devices, ~€12M investment; 2020 pilot on lines 50/70/73 (~320k transactions). Independent press.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-a024e920947900d6", "title": "ATM — Contactless pay-as-you-go (official)", "url": "https://www.atm.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi/Biglietti/Pages/contactless_cards_metro.aspx", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "atm.it", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-beb64a5719e9418f", "clm-953a11724f028d49", "clm-c2a87e71a6e9461c", "clm-195bc737eeeeb4fc" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-25", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Operator page: €2.20 per trip, €7.60 daily cap (Mi1–Mi3), cheapest-fare logic applied automatically from the fourth trip.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 8, "claimsMapped": 8, "sourcesTotal": 3, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 3, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 0, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }