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  "title": "EFCOS: Metro Manila's Flood Telemetry and Floodway Gates",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/manila-flood-monitoring/"
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     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
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     "timeline": {
      "started": 1993,
      "ended": null
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (EFCOS unit), with PAGASA publishing the readings",
     "actorTypes": [
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      "national-government"
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     "fundingDescription": "Japanese development aid for the telemetry and its 2014-2016 restoration; MMDA operating budget",
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      "text": "The MMDA's Effective Flood Control Operation System, built with Japanese aid in 1993 and rehabilitated by JICA in 2014-2016, telemeters rainfall and river levels across the Pasig-Marikina basin from a control room at Rosario Pumping Station",
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      "supportNote": "The government briefing establishes that the system is designed for operating the Manggahan Floodway and the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, fed by telemetered observation stations with units at the public works central office, the weather bureau, Napindan and Rosario, plus warning posts along the floodway. The 2016 press account supports the aid-funded 2014-2016 rehabilitation, the March 2016 turnover to the authority and the control base at Rosario Pumping Station in Pasig.",
      "caveat": "The government briefing returns an error to direct fetching; its existence and wording were confirmed via search.",
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      "text": "Readings publish live on PAGASA's basin site with alert, alarm and critical thresholds",
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      "supportNote": "The weather bureau's site publishes real-time river levels for the Marikina, Pasig and Tullahan with alert, alarm and critical elevation columns and a legend distinguishing its own stations from the authority's. It rendered with a 26 July 2026 timestamp, confirming the system is running.",
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      "text": "Crews decide how many Manggahan Floodway gates to open, keyed to the Sto. Niño gauge upstream",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a 2025 government validation flagged 421 flood-control projects nationwide as ghosts",
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      "caveat": "The word is flagged, not confirmed, and deliberately so: in January 2026 the acting justice secretary told a Senate hearing that only 14 of the 421 were confirmed non-existent and that the department was not yet convinced the others were ghost projects.",
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      "text": "in May 2026 the Ombudsman charged a senator, a former public works secretary and two Metro Manila district engineers with plunder",
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      "text": "The MMDA says mountain rain gauges give roughly 90 minutes of warning before water levels rise in the Marikina and Pasig rivers",
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      "caveat": "An operator statement, not an independently measured figure — the entry says so.",
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      "text": "Metro Manila measures its floods in public, minute by minute, while the works those measurements warn about became the country's largest corruption case",
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      "supportNote": "The live basin site publishes river levels against alert, alarm and critical thresholds. Against that, the chronology records the president ordering an audit of three years of flood-control projects on 28 July 2025, the naming of 15 contractors holding over 100 billion pesos in contracts since 2022 on 11 August 2025, an Independent Commission for Infrastructure created by executive order on 11 September 2025, and Senate hearings from 19 August 2025 — with plunder charges following in May 2026.",
      "caveat": "The measuring and the works are separate procurements by separate bodies; the entry draws the contrast without asserting that one caused or concealed the other.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "title": "PAGASA — Pasig-Marikina-Tullahan flood forecasting and warning system (water level)",
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      "title": "Official Gazette — MMDA flood reduction measures in Metro Manila",
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       "value": "Government briefing establishing that EFCOS is designed for operating the Manggahan Floodway and the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, fed by telemetered observation stations with units at the public works central office, PAGASA, Napindan and Rosario, plus warning posts along the floodway. Direct fetch returns 403; existence and wording confirmed via search.",
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      "title": "Inquirer — Metro gets a tweaked early flood warning system (2016)",
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      "title": "De La Salle University — thesis on the Manggahan and Napindan control structures",
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       "value": "Academic source for the operating practice: the MMDA bases gate control of the Manggahan and Napindan structures on the Sto. Niño water-level gauge upstream of the Rosario weir, supporting the claim that gate operation is a crewed decision on gauge thresholds rather than automatic actuation.",
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      "title": "SunStar — timeline of the flood control scandal",
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       "value": "Dated chronology: the president ordered an audit of three years of flood-control projects in his 28 July 2025 address; on 11 August 2025 he named 15 contractors holding over 100 billion pesos in contracts since 2022; an Independent Commission for Infrastructure was created by executive order on 11 September 2025; Senate hearings opened 19 August 2025.",
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      "title": "Rappler — at least 421 ghost flood control projects uncovered nationwide (9 Oct 2025)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Source for the 421 figure: validation of about 8,000 public works projects, carried out with the defence department, armed forces, police and the planning agency, flagged at least 421 as non-existent, with roughly 100,000 projects still to be validated.",
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      "title": "GMA News — 14 of 421 ghost flood control projects confirmed non-existent (19 Jan 2026)",
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       "value": "Counterweight and precision check: the acting justice secretary told a Senate hearing that only 14 of the 421 were confirmed non-existent, adding that the department was not yet convinced the others were ghost projects. This justifies the word flagged rather than confirmed in the snippet.",
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      "title": "GMA News — Ombudsman files plunder and graft cases over flood control projects (28 May 2026)",
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       "value": "The Metro Manila link that carries the scope: charges cover roughly 573 million pesos in alleged kickbacks from fiscal 2025 public works projects in the National Capital Region, naming a senator, a former public works secretary, two National Capital Region district engineers and an assistant district engineer. Charges only; no conviction.",
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      "title": "Manila Bulletin — anti-graft court orders arrests in the plunder case (1 Jun 2026)",
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    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1993,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (EFCOS unit), with PAGASA publishing the readings",
     "actorTypes": [
      "regional-government",
      "national-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "Japanese development aid for the telemetry and its 2014-2016 restoration; MMDA operating budget",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-6774b626101cc5a0",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The MMDA's Effective Flood Control Operation System, built with Japanese aid in 1993 and rehabilitated by JICA in 2014-2016, telemeters rainfall and river levels across the Pasig-Marikina basin from a control room at Rosario Pumping Station",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The government briefing establishes that the system is designed for operating the Manggahan Floodway and the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, fed by telemetered observation stations with units at the public works central office, the weather bureau, Napindan and Rosario, plus warning posts along the floodway. The 2016 press account supports the aid-funded 2014-2016 rehabilitation, the March 2016 turnover to the authority and the control base at Rosario Pumping Station in Pasig.",
      "caveat": "The government briefing returns an error to direct fetching; its existence and wording were confirmed via search.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Readings publish live on PAGASA's basin site with alert, alarm and critical thresholds",
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      "supportNote": "The weather bureau's site publishes real-time river levels for the Marikina, Pasig and Tullahan with alert, alarm and critical elevation columns and a legend distinguishing its own stations from the authority's. It rendered with a 26 July 2026 timestamp, confirming the system is running.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Crews decide how many Manggahan Floodway gates to open, keyed to the Sto. Niño gauge upstream",
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      "supportNote": "The academic account of operating practice records that the authority bases gate control of the Manggahan and Napindan structures on the Sto. Niño water-level gauge upstream of the Rosario weir — a crewed decision on gauge thresholds rather than automatic actuation.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a 2025 government validation flagged 421 flood-control projects nationwide as ghosts",
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      "supportNote": "A validation of about 8,000 public works projects, carried out with the defence department, armed forces, police and the planning agency, flagged at least 421 as non-existent, with roughly 100,000 projects still to be validated.",
      "caveat": "The word is flagged, not confirmed, and deliberately so: in January 2026 the acting justice secretary told a Senate hearing that only 14 of the 421 were confirmed non-existent and that the department was not yet convinced the others were ghost projects.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "in May 2026 the Ombudsman charged a senator, a former public works secretary and two Metro Manila district engineers with plunder",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The charges cover roughly 573 million pesos in alleged kickbacks from fiscal 2025 public works projects in the National Capital Region, naming a senator, a former public works secretary, two National Capital Region district engineers and an assistant district engineer. On 1 June 2026 the anti-graft court found probable cause and ordered arrests, with no bail recommended on the plunder count.",
      "caveat": "Charges only; no conviction. Trial pending.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
      "id": "clm-93faf163c46875dc",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "The MMDA says mountain rain gauges give roughly 90 minutes of warning before water levels rise in the Marikina and Pasig rivers",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The roughly 90-minute lead time is quoted from the authority's chairman in the 2016 account of the rehabilitated system.",
      "caveat": "An operator statement, not an independently measured figure — the entry says so.",
      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     },
     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Metro Manila measures its floods in public, minute by minute, while the works those measurements warn about became the country's largest corruption case",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The live basin site publishes river levels against alert, alarm and critical thresholds. Against that, the chronology records the president ordering an audit of three years of flood-control projects on 28 July 2025, the naming of 15 contractors holding over 100 billion pesos in contracts since 2022 on 11 August 2025, an Independent Commission for Infrastructure created by executive order on 11 September 2025, and Senate hearings from 19 August 2025 — with plunder charges following in May 2026.",
      "caveat": "The measuring and the works are separate procurements by separate bodies; the entry draws the contrast without asserting that one caused or concealed the other.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "id": "src-84ac08de89a28c6b",
      "title": "PAGASA — Pasig-Marikina-Tullahan flood forecasting and warning system (water level)",
      "url": "https://pasig-marikina-tullahanffws.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/water/map.do",
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       "value": "Primary and live: publishes real-time river levels for the Marikina, Pasig and Tullahan with alert, alarm and critical elevation columns and a legend distinguishing PAGASA stations from MMDA stations. Rendered with a 26 July 2026 timestamp, confirming the system is running.",
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      "id": "src-cafa7999c0b865ca",
      "title": "Official Gazette — MMDA flood reduction measures in Metro Manila",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Government briefing establishing that EFCOS is designed for operating the Manggahan Floodway and the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, fed by telemetered observation stations with units at the public works central office, PAGASA, Napindan and Rosario, plus warning posts along the floodway. Direct fetch returns 403; existence and wording confirmed via search.",
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     {
      "id": "src-e61a10c60e4b1bce",
      "title": "Inquirer — Metro gets a tweaked early flood warning system (2016)",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Supports the JICA-funded 2014-2016 rehabilitation, the March 2016 turnover to the MMDA, the control base at Rosario Pumping Station in Pasig, and the roughly 90-minute lead-time claim, quoted from the MMDA chairman.",
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-e57337c04525ea93",
      "title": "De La Salle University — thesis on the Manggahan and Napindan control structures",
      "url": "https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdb_civ/11/",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Academic source for the operating practice: the MMDA bases gate control of the Manggahan and Napindan structures on the Sto. Niño water-level gauge upstream of the Rosario weir, supporting the claim that gate operation is a crewed decision on gauge thresholds rather than automatic actuation.",
       "exact": false
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     {
      "id": "src-9422ae45f92d5d79",
      "title": "SunStar — timeline of the flood control scandal",
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       "domain": "sunstar.com.ph",
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       "publishedAt": "2025-10-29",
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       "value": "Dated chronology: the president ordered an audit of three years of flood-control projects in his 28 July 2025 address; on 11 August 2025 he named 15 contractors holding over 100 billion pesos in contracts since 2022; an Independent Commission for Infrastructure was created by executive order on 11 September 2025; Senate hearings opened 19 August 2025.",
       "exact": false
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-323d75a01dcae344",
      "title": "Rappler — at least 421 ghost flood control projects uncovered nationwide (9 Oct 2025)",
      "url": "https://www.rappler.com/philippines/dpwh-uncovers-ghost-flood-control-projects-october-9-2025/",
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       "publishedAt": "2025-10-09",
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       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Source for the 421 figure: validation of about 8,000 public works projects, carried out with the defence department, armed forces, police and the planning agency, flagged at least 421 as non-existent, with roughly 100,000 projects still to be validated.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-b1972d487c57e979",
      "title": "GMA News — 14 of 421 ghost flood control projects confirmed non-existent (19 Jan 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/973360/doj-14-out-of-421-ghost-flood-control-projects-confirmed-non-existent/story/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "gmanetwork.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-01-19",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Counterweight and precision check: the acting justice secretary told a Senate hearing that only 14 of the 421 were confirmed non-existent, adding that the department was not yet convinced the others were ghost projects. This justifies the word flagged rather than confirmed in the snippet.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-9067a22c35d4ec2d",
      "title": "GMA News — Ombudsman files plunder and graft cases over flood control projects (28 May 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/989298/jinggoy-estrada-plunder-graft-flood-control-projects/story/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "gmanetwork.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": "2026-05-28",
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The Metro Manila link that carries the scope: charges cover roughly 573 million pesos in alleged kickbacks from fiscal 2025 public works projects in the National Capital Region, naming a senator, a former public works secretary, two National Capital Region district engineers and an assistant district engineer. Charges only; no conviction.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-269df8a693044748",
      "title": "Manila Bulletin — anti-graft court orders arrests in the plunder case (1 Jun 2026)",
      "url": "https://mb.com.ph/2026/06/01/sandiganbayan-orders-jinggoy-estradas-arrest-in-plunder-case-no-bail-set",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mb.com.ph",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-06-01",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "State of proceedings as of mid-2026: the anti-graft court found probable cause and ordered arrests on 1 June 2026, with no bail recommended on the plunder count. Trial pending.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 7,
     "claimsMapped": 7,
     "sourcesTotal": 9,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 9,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}