{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "lagos-smart-transit",
  "title": "Cowry Card Contactless Transit Payment",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/lagos-smart-transit/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-26-p1-quality-uplift",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-26-p1-quality-uplift",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-26T12:00:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
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    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
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    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:b7f9962ba3bc3e82ac5dd1c0bb920d588d7710f39a1dba51a7385a559907de56",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-08-26",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:51225230eddbddd180838a2023eb6d4e773ae41b6188440d349c916d43bfa5ba",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2021,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": null,
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-2b535e90e7e8159e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Lagos's Cowry Card lets commuters tap to pay contactless fares across BRT buses, the Blue Line rail and LAGFERRY boats",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-62e49e7f44cf784c",
       "src-ebe14bad53a31cdb"
      ],
      "supportNote": "TechCabal describes the Cowry tap-and-go card as the fare instrument across Lagos public transport modes; Technext covers its extension to the Blue Line rail service.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f0edc3a206e584a9",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Transit authority LAMATA made the card the only accepted fare payment on BRT routes from February 2021",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-dd7e86a136e6748a"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Vanguard, January 2021: LAMATA announced that use of the Cowry card on buses would begin on 1 February 2021.",
      "caveat": "The Conversation dates the card's introduction to 2020; the February 2021 date is when it became the accepted fare on BRT.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-1d059f9191105d9a",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "operator Touch and Pay later extended it to the metro rail lines that opened from 2023",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Technext, January 2023, covers Cowry cards being tapped on the new Lagos Blue Line rail service.",
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "An 18-month study of Lagos commuters by Emmanuel Mogaji of Keele University - ethnographic fieldwork, interviews and sentiment analysis - found that only around 15% of commuters are fully engaged with the Cowry card",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The author writes: 'The research used ethnographic fieldwork, commuter interviews and sentiment analysis ... Over 18 months, we observed commuter interactions with the Cowry card system', and 'Findings suggest that only around 15% of commuters are fully engaged with the Cowry card system.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "cash was still the preferred payment for most riders, especially outside the formal BRT network",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'My findings affirmed that while interest in contactless cards was growing, people still preferred cash, especially outside the formal bus rapid transport system in Lagos.'",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Reported by the researcher in The Conversation; the underlying journal article could not be verified (the journal named in the piece does not match the article it links to)",
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      "supportNote": "The figure is stated by the author in his own account of the work. The journal reference the piece points to did not resolve to an article matching the description when checked for this entry, so the entry cites the researcher's account rather than a peer-reviewed paper.",
      "caveat": "This is the entry's own note about the state of the evidence, not a statement in the source.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-e193aa1316bc8ae0",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Topping up Cowry runs through a smartphone app in a country where only 10 to 20% of people use a smartphone and 60% were unbanked in 2024",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The author: 'To use the Cowry system, commuters must first purchase a physical card and download the Cowry app on a smartphone', and 'There are around 170 million mobile subscriptions in Nigeria, but currently, only between 10% and 20% of the population uses a smartphone. Further, 60% remained unbanked in 2024.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-e25140ec9fe723d4",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "the researcher found distrust doing as much work as access - of the provider, of hidden fees, and of who reads the tap data",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The author: 'Distrust of financial technology providers and anxieties about system failures, hidden fees or fraud deter adoption', and 'Commuters are often reluctant to link their bank cards or mobile wallets to yet another app, worrying about who is tracking their movements through tap-in and tap-out data.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-e4b29c25f5d0e234",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "they know when I enter and leave the bus, what else are they watching",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "A commuter quoted in the piece: 'They know when I enter and leave the bus. What else are they watching?'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-5f37c5878154ebef",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "The conclusion drawn is hybrid payment, not a cash ban",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The author: 'City transport planners should note that these findings point to the need for inclusive, hybrid payment options.'",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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    ],
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     {
      "id": "src-cc39d058e98572ae",
      "title": "LAMATA (authority)",
      "url": "https://lamata.lagosstate.gov.ng/",
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       "name": null,
       "domain": "lamata.lagosstate.gov.ng",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
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       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The transport authority's own site. A standing portal with no publication date.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
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      "title": "Vanguard (press)",
      "url": "https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/lamata-begins-use-of-cowry-card-on-buses-feb-1/",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Reports the date from which the card became the accepted fare on BRT buses.",
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      },
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       "domain": "technext24.com",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The extension of the card to the Blue Line rail service.",
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      "title": "The Conversation - Cashless card payments for public transport: Lagos commuters don't trust the technology (Emmanuel Mogaji, Keele University)",
      "url": "https://theconversation.com/cashless-card-payments-for-public-transport-lagos-commuters-dont-trust-the-technology-248913",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-05-27",
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       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
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       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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       "value": "The researcher's own account of an 18-month study of Lagos commuters: the engagement figure, the access constraints and the distrust behind them.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 10,
     "claimsMapped": 10,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}