{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "kathmandu-sajha-bus-tracking", "title": "Sajha Yatayat GPS Bus Tracking & Electric Fleet", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/kathmandu-sajha-bus-tracking/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-04-evidence-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-11-04-evidence-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-11-04T05:46:41Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-11-03", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 18 claims and 10 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:943a7d39f1dbfd9461d2105ad78dcc5b78074ae1d20d0a6b2628c4b0a6e4f29d", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-11-03", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:35d9617d924123d91d228c419b9f3e600bcb7a74a0e59dedad5ebb3fdff12998", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2017, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Sajha Yatayat (public transport cooperative)", "actorTypes": [ "utility" ], "fundingModel": "mixed", "fundingDescription": "Rs 3 billion Government of Nepal investment (electric bus fleet); cooperative revenues", "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-f50a737d979c5ab0", "field": "snippet", "text": "the publicly capitalised transit cooperative serving Kathmandu Valley", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-274dd8525b25b6d4" ], "supportNote": "The report describes a government investment of Rs 3bn in Sajha Yatayat's services across Kathmandu Valley.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-923224e33ef7b739", "field": "snippet", "text": "has tracked its buses by GPS since September 2017, when trackers went live on all 44 buses alongside the Mero Sajha app", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3f84c29768429d77" ], "supportNote": "The September 2017 report announces the Mero Sajha app and GPS tracking installed on all 44 buses.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-21998a06bcf29511", "field": "snippet", "text": "A successor app, Sajha Plus, launched in beta in late 2022", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7227dce934098143", "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "TechSathi dates the release of Sajha Plus to 28 September 2022; NepaliTelecom reported in January 2023 that it was still in beta.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-58f8d46f93ff2795", "field": "snippet", "text": "shows riders live bus positions, next stops and estimated arrivals on Kathmandu routes", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "The article lists real-time bus tracking, estimated arrival times near stops and nearby stops as the app's features.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-914fd034c7c7dd9f", "field": "snippet", "text": "Since April 2024 the fleet has included 40 Chinese-built electric buses charged at 24 stations", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-274dd8525b25b6d4", "src-acee448b9a55e28d" ], "supportNote": "The April 2024 report covers 40 electric buses and 24 charging stations entering service; the 2022 report names the Chinese manufacturer CHTC.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-60911768ae3e280d", "field": "snippet", "text": "the first phase of a Rs 3 billion government investment", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-274dd8525b25b6d4" ], "supportNote": "The report says the Rs 3bn was split into three parts, with the 40 buses and 24 charging depots as the first phase.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-85e99a8ebed721a1", "field": "snippet", "text": "a free women-only service on eight electric buses, announced for July 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-59a50c806e535cb5" ], "supportNote": "Sajha's chief executive said eight electric buses were scheduled to begin free service for women from 17 July.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-aab409bf71f7ce56", "field": "snippet", "text": "had still not started by late September 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b626b3deefa3150c" ], "supportNote": "On 28 September 2026 the government's failure to launch the service was raised in Parliament.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-445490e3dda36cc5", "field": "snippet", "text": "the layer covers only Sajha's own vehicles", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "The article says the app was available for Sajha Bus customers only.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e87cf0068e251bb0", "field": "snippet", "text": "the 2023 plan to bring other operators onto the same app has not been reported on since", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "The January 2023 article reports the developer's plan to build similar apps for other Kathmandu bus operators.", "caveat": "The absence of later reporting is our search result, not a statement by the source.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-29319c19f699b394", "field": "snippet", "text": "in August 2026 Kathmandu Metropolitan City launched a separate KTM Public Transport app covering around 1,200 GPS-equipped vehicles instead", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e499e6f03a1c8fce" ], "supportNote": "The report covers the launch of the KTM Public Transport app by Kathmandu's acting mayor and its coverage of around 1,200 GPS-equipped vehicles.", "caveat": "The report does not say whether Sajha's own buses are among the 1,200 vehicles.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a654106404bfa556", "field": "snippet", "text": "Sajha Plus was still being updated in October 2026, when night bus routes were added", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f5c7b5d718f24df4" ], "supportNote": "The store listing's version history records an October 2026 release that added night bus routes.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a319cb57d6ab71e9", "field": "snippet", "text": "no independent evaluation of tracking accuracy or wait-time effects has been published", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3f84c29768429d77", "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "Both reports present operator and developer statements only; neither cites an evaluation.", "caveat": "This records an absence: no evaluation was found in the sources listed or in a search.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ebad6368f4a63ec3", "field": "impact", "text": "Thirty-seven of the electric buses bought for the fleet sat idle in early 2023 for want of charging stations and parking", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-5f14d7d5cccb0e4d" ], "supportNote": "The February 2023 report says 37 electric buses stood idle because charging stations and parking were not available.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-430650616dc95f81", "field": "impact", "text": "40 entered service in April 2024 with 24 charging stations", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-274dd8525b25b6d4" ], "supportNote": "The April 2024 report says 40 electric buses and 24 charging depots were put into operation.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-544a7ae990ed4a1a", "field": "impact", "text": "No independent evaluation of the GPS layer's reliability, ridership or wait-time effects has been published.", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3f84c29768429d77", "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "The listed sources carry only operator and developer descriptions of the tracking; none cites an evaluation.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ae641eff98f69f8b", "field": "lesson", "text": "an app that covers a single operator maps that fleet, not the city's transit", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f" ], "supportNote": "The developer's own statement confines the app to Sajha customers in the capital.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9d76bfdf5ca0d216", "field": "lesson", "text": "in 2026 Kathmandu's council launched a separate app to track other public vehicles", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e499e6f03a1c8fce" ], "supportNote": "The council-chaired launch of the KTM Public Transport app is reported for August 2026.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-3f84c29768429d77", "title": "OnlineKhabar — Mero Sajha app launch (4 Sep 2017)", "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/know-which-sajha-bus-is-where-with-mero-sajha-mobile-app.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "english.onlinekhabar.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-923224e33ef7b739", "clm-a319cb57d6ab71e9", "clm-544a7ae990ed4a1a" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2017-09-04", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "4.9.2017: GPS-Tracker auf allen 44 Bussen installiert, Mero-Sajha-App gestartet, Zitat des Acting CEO", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7227dce934098143", "title": "TechSathi (tech press)", "url": "https://techsathi.com/sajha-plus-sajha-yatayats-new-app/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "techsathi.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-21998a06bcf29511" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-01-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Sajha Plus am 28.9.2022 gestartet, Echtzeit-Tracking, Routenfilter, zweisprachig", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7a8242c0f1b6dd4f", "title": "NepaliTelecom (tech press)", "url": "https://www.nepalitelecom.com/track-sajha-bus-with-sajha-plus-app", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "nepalitelecom.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-21998a06bcf29511", "clm-58f8d46f93ff2795", "clm-445490e3dda36cc5", "clm-e87cf0068e251bb0", "clm-a319cb57d6ab71e9", "clm-544a7ae990ed4a1a", "clm-ae641eff98f69f8b" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-01-25", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "25.1.2023: Sajha Plus als Beta von Slash Plus, nur Kathmandu, Ausweitung auf andere Betreiber damals nur geplant", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-274dd8525b25b6d4", "title": "The Annapurna Express (press)", "url": "https://theannapurnaexpress.com/story/48353/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "theannapurnaexpress.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-f50a737d979c5ab0", "clm-914fd034c7c7dd9f", "clm-60911768ae3e280d", "clm-430650616dc95f81" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-04-11", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "11.4.2024: 40 E-Busse in Dienst gestellt, 24 Ladestationen, Rs 3 Mrd. Regierungsinvestition", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-59a50c806e535cb5", "title": "The Kathmandu Post (press)", "url": "https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2026/07/08/sajha-yatayat-dismisses-rumours-of-repainting-buses-blue-for-women-only-service", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "kathmandupost.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-85e99a8ebed721a1" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-07-08", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "8.7.2026: Betreiber aktiv; 8 E-Busse starten 17.7.2026 kostenlosen Frauen-Service auf drei Tal-Routen", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-acee448b9a55e28d", "title": "OnlineKhabar — Sajha's 37 electric buses from China (30 Sep 2022)", "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/sajha-yatayat-37-new-electric-buses.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "english.onlinekhabar.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-914fd034c7c7dd9f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-09-30", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Sajha Yatayat bringing 37 electric buses from China's CHTC to complete a 40-bus order; three already running as a pilot.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-5f14d7d5cccb0e4d", "title": "OnlineKhabar — Sajha electric buses idle (6 Feb 2023)", "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/sajha-yatayat-electric-buses-no-use.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "english.onlinekhabar.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-ebad6368f4a63ec3" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-02-06", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The 37 delivered electric buses stood idle in Banepa, Pulchok and Pokhara because charging stations, parking and routes were not ready.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-e499e6f03a1c8fce", "title": "OnlineKhabar — KTM Public Transport app launched (20 Aug 2026)", "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/mobile-app-launched-to-track-public-transport-in-kathmandu-valley.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "english.onlinekhabar.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-29319c19f699b394", "clm-9d76bfdf5ca0d216" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-08-20", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Kathmandu Metropolitan City's acting mayor, as chair of the Federal Capital Urban Area Public Transport Council, launched the KTM Public Transport app covering around 1,200 GPS-equipped public vehicles.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-b626b3deefa3150c", "title": "OnlineKhabar — blue bus service yet to be implemented (28 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/?p=593034", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "english.onlinekhabar.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-aab409bf71f7ce56" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-09-28", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The government's women-friendly blue bus service, to be run through Sajha Yatayat, had still not been launched; the failure was raised in Parliament.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f5c7b5d718f24df4", "title": "Apple App Store — Sajha Plus (Slash Plus listing)", "url": "https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sajha-plus/id6448083588", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "apps.apple.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a654106404bfa556" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Store listing of the Sajha Plus app (seller Slash Plus); version history shows regular updates, including 'Added night bus routes' in October 2026.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 18, "claimsMapped": 18, "sourcesTotal": 10, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 10, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 9, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }