{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "istanbul-driverless-metro",
  "title": "Istanbul's driverless metro lines: no driver, but not unattended",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/istanbul-driverless-metro/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-04-evidence-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-11-04-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-11-04T04:52:08Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-11-03",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 9 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:f14f7f9203c051dd48a45674e11be2c6a444ca18218911dc2ee64b101788c8f9",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-11-03",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:f5a3b10ded5cd1486a3a63565c3269b818eae474fcf68c6fec6afeade1daf3f1",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2017,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Metro İstanbul",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-8a343afde96a1aa2",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The M5 Üsküdar–Çekmeköy line opened on 15 December 2017",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-afc6a557fcc3f05a"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The trade press reports the inauguration of M5's first phase on that day.",
      "caveat": "The first phase ran from Üsküdar to Yamanevler; Çekmeköy followed in October 2018.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-62b34e7386104cef",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "as Turkey's first driverless metro",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fef063c1a776400c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The encyclopaedia entry and the opening coverage describe M5 as Turkey's first driverless line.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-ee2f1405e67f4838",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "run by Metro İstanbul under the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fef063c1a776400c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The entry names the municipality as owner and Metro Istanbul A.Ş. as operator.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7d12217ac433183f",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "using CBTC signalling and platform screen doors",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-afc6a557fcc3f05a"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The opening report names Bombardier's CBTC system and platform screen doors at the stations.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-6e79617f193b815c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "It has since been extended in stages to Sultanbeyli, reached in May 2026, for 30.9 km.",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fef063c1a776400c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The entry lists the staged openings, the last on 22 May 2026, and a line length of 30.9 km.",
      "caveat": "The extension date and length come from a continuously edited encyclopaedia page; the operator's own line page could not be consulted.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-b4c3333c8bf1a482",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "M7 on the European side (from 2020)",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-28765a213c54a917"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The trade press reports M7's opening on 28 October 2020 as the European side's first driverless line.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-7d95e6178fe9574e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "M8 (2023)",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-f60dca6fabd0f994"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The trade press reports the automated M8 opening on 6 January 2023.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4db92b8f7ab205f6",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "has contracted driverless signalling for newer lines such as M12",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-bbe03c12ae0b3b55"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The supplier announced a driverless CBTC contract for the Ümraniye–Ataşehir–Göztepe line.",
      "caveat": "The source is the supplier's own announcement; the line had not opened when this entry was checked.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f450c66cb74d3e1c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Driverless here does not mean unattended: in April 2025 the operator's chair said an emergency-response staff member rides inside the driverless trains.",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-b750b8c634ffa20b",
       "src-7fa5bdce63c3db10"
      ],
      "supportNote": "In the interview the chair of Metro İstanbul says the driverless system is not entirely unmanned and that emergency-response staff are inside the trains; the municipality's M7 opening figures list such staff for that line.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-3b4e2aaae43284e3",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Years after Turkey's first driverless line opened, its operator still keeps an emergency-response staff member aboard the driverless trains",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-b750b8c634ffa20b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2025 interview with the operator's chair describes the on-board emergency-response staff on the driverless lines.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-c566110114e8afee",
      "title": "Metro İstanbul — M5 Üsküdar-Sultanbeyli line",
      "url": "https://www.metro.istanbul/en/Hatlarimiz/HatDetay?hat=M5",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "metro.istanbul",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator's own page: M5 is the first driverless metro line in Türkiye.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-53bbdd993d839f23",
      "title": "Hürriyet Daily News — M5 ranks Europe's top driverless metro",
      "url": "https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-m5-metro-line-ranks-europes-top-driverless-metro-138862",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "hurriyetdailynews.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2018-11-14",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Anadolu Agency report: the municipality, citing UITP's Observatory of Automated Metros, ranks M5 first in Europe and third in the world by train capacity (1,620 passengers per train); first stage opened December 2017, second stage October 2018.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-fef063c1a776400c",
      "title": "Wikipedia — M5 (Istanbul Metro)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_(Istanbul_Metro)",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "en.wikipedia.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-62b34e7386104cef",
       "clm-ee2f1405e67f4838",
       "clm-6e79617f193b815c"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Opening 15 December 2017, first driverless line in Turkey, CAF-Mitsubishi rolling stock, staged extensions reaching Sultanbeyli on 22 May 2026 (30.9 km).",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-28765a213c54a917",
      "title": "Railway Gazette — Istanbul driverless metro line M7 opens",
      "url": "https://www.railwaygazette.com/urban-rail/istanbul-driverless-metro-line-m7-opens/57678.article",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "railwaygazette.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-b4c3333c8bf1a482"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-10-28",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press: M7, the European side's first driverless line, with Cityflo 650 CBTC.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-afc6a557fcc3f05a",
      "title": "Railway Gazette — Erdoğan opens first driverless metro line in Istanbul (15 Dec 2017)",
      "url": "https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/erdoan-opens-first-driverless-metro-line-in-istanbul/45653.article",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "railwaygazette.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-8a343afde96a1aa2",
       "clm-7d12217ac433183f"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2017-12-15",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press report of the opening of M5's first phase on 15 December 2017: Bombardier Cityflo 650 CBTC signalling, platform screen doors at all stations, CAF-Mitsubishi trains; design capacity 55,000 passengers per hour per direction and a forecast of 700,000 passengers a day (a forecast, not a measured figure).",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-f60dca6fabd0f994",
      "title": "Railway Gazette — Automated line M8 inaugurated in Istanbul (9 Jan 2023)",
      "url": "https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/automated-line-m8-inaugurated-in-istanbul/63286.article",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "railwaygazette.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-7d95e6178fe9574e"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-01-09",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Trade press: the 14.3 km automated Line M8 between Bostancı and Dudullu opened on 6 January 2023, with platform screen doors and driverless Hyundai Rotem trains.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-bbe03c12ae0b3b55",
      "title": "Alstom — driverless CBTC contract for the Ümraniye–Ataşehir–Göztepe line (22 Feb 2022)",
      "url": "https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/2/alstom-wins-another-signalling-project-turkey",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "alstom.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-4db92b8f7ab205f6"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-02-22",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Supplier's announcement of a contract for driverless CBTC signalling on the 13 km Ümraniye–Ataşehir–Göztepe line (M12), which is to operate as a fully automatic and driverless system.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-b750b8c634ffa20b",
      "title": "Haberler.com — interview with Metro İstanbul chair Özgür Soy (25 Apr 2025)",
      "url": "https://www.haberler.com/teknoloji/ozgur-soy-istanbul-da-ilk-surucusuz-hat-18553455-haberi/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "haberler.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-f450c66cb74d3e1c",
       "clm-3b4e2aaae43284e3"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-04-25",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Interview with Özgür Soy, head of the municipality's transport group and chair of Metro İstanbul: the driverless lines are not an entirely unmanned system — a person the operator calls 'emergency response staff' (Acil Müdahale Personeli) is inside the driverless trains.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-7fa5bdce63c3db10",
      "title": "BirGün — M7 Mecidiyeköy–Mahmutbey opens (28 Oct 2020)",
      "url": "https://www.birgun.net/haber/mecidiyekoy-mahmutbey-metro-hatti-acildi-seferler-ilk-on-gun-ucretsiz-olacak-320895",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "birgun.net",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-f450c66cb74d3e1c"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-10-28",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-03",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-04",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Opening report for M7 with the municipality's line figures, including 60 emergency-response staff and 17 female emergency-response staff for the driverless line.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 10,
     "claimsMapped": 10,
     "sourcesTotal": 9,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 7,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 7,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}