{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "harbin-smart-heating", "title": "Harbin Daoli Automated District Heating Network", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/harbin-smart-heating/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-22T09:07:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-02", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 3 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:59a999c1ee87cf8f905c387b61fd4b7f531aa00c2d0967b5bd31b649e7592ee9", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-02", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:a0a8e32e62fcd71d6c6730a0bfbddd90037ebae12640bb0061cb71c5d430e7f3", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "succeeded", "evidenceGrade": "media", "timeline": { "started": 2007, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": null, "actorTypes": [ "utility", "city-government" ], "fundingModel": null, "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-1017076a8b123b86", "field": "snippet", "text": "one of China's largest automated district-heating retrofits", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2" ], "supportNote": "DESMI's case study makes a stronger claim than the entry does: \"When the installations were completed in 2007 the project was the largest district heating project to date in China.\" The same page describes the automation that was installed — 378 frequency converters, \"2000 instruments that are used to supervise and control the network and substations, as well as a SCADA system with more than 10,000 signals\", and 42 rebuilt turnkey substations tied into that SCADA system.", "caveat": "The ranking is the claim of a company that supplied equipment to the project, made on its own customer-story page, and no independent survey of Chinese district-heating schemes is cited. The source ranks it among district-heating projects generally, not among automated retrofits specifically.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-3a148433d2715a25", "field": "snippet", "text": "when ABB completed it in 2007", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2", "src-301d02438f91c1e1" ], "supportNote": "Climate Action dates the handover to the month: \"In January 2007, ABB finished building a large district heating system in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang province\". DESMI gives the same year — \"When the installations were completed in 2007\" — and describes ABB's role as general contractor: \"ABB provided the turnkey supply, which included energy efficient pump solutions from DESMI\", with DESMI and APV A/S Kolding as suppliers.", "caveat": "Completion here means the installation was finished, not that every household was connected. Climate Action writes of a later milestone, \"By 2010, when all residents will be hooked up to the new system\".", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-3c176865a627b099", "field": "snippet", "text": "156 self-operating heat-exchange stations replaced coal boiler rooms", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2", "src-301d02438f91c1e1" ], "supportNote": "DESMI: \"Water from the pre-insulated underground pipes was transferred to 156 self-operating heating exchanger units instead of the traditional boiler room and then directly fed into residential radiator installation\", and in its summary list, \"156 sets of automatic controlled heat exchanging stations\". Climate Action puts a number on what went away: ABB's solution \"replaced more than 500 boiler houses and 852 sets of small, inefficient coal-fired boilers with a new central combined heat and power (CHP) plant and a new district heating network\".", "caveat": "The two sources count different things — 156 is the number of new heat-exchange stations, while the boiler houses they replaced numbered more than 500. Neither source describes what the stations control automatically beyond feeding the residential radiator circuits.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-67687498722bcd50", "field": "snippet", "text": "across 17.6 million square metres", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2" ], "supportNote": "DESMI gives the heated floor area twice: the stations feed the radiator circuits \"covering an area of 17.58 million square meters\", and its summary reads \"Heat supply 17.58 million m2 for 1 million residents\". The entry rounds 17.58 to 17.6.", "caveat": "This is the floor area of the Daoli district scheme, one of Harbin's seven districts — not a figure for the city. The same government source used elsewhere in this entry puts one heating company alone at 154 million square metres citywide.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a50ec7a13bf9339f", "field": "snippet", "text": "serving about a million residents", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2", "src-301d02438f91c1e1" ], "supportNote": "DESMI: \"Heat supply 17.58 million m2 for 1 million residents through 156 sets of automatic controlled heat exchanging stations.\" Climate Action approaches the same number from the population side: \"Daoli is one of seven districts in the city of Harbin, and home to about one million people\", and says the project helped \"1 million residents switch from inefficient coal-fired boilers to a central combined heat and power plant\".", "caveat": "Climate Action's million is the district's population rather than a count of connected households, and the same page says all residents were only expected to be connected by 2010.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6f2971310cd5527a", "field": "snippet", "text": "smart-heating command platform", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-73072256e9e9bf03" ], "supportNote": "The October 2024 heating-season article describes a 智慧供热平台 (smart heating platform) run from a 供热生产指挥中心 (heating-production command centre) that watches \"101台锅炉、1557座换热站、3277台换热机组\" — 101 boilers, 1,557 heat-exchange stations and 3,277 heat-exchange units — around the clock, alongside thermometers installed in 30,000 homes.", "caveat": "The article attributes the platform to Harbin Investment Group, the city's largest state-owned heating company, and says it monitors that company's own service area. The same article describes the group as carrying close to half of Harbin's heating load and names several other heating companies that run their own operations, so the platform is one enterprise's, not a single system covering the city. It is also a different company from the one that produces the heat for the Daoli network described in the first half of this entry.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c1c25460a4c003fe", "field": "snippet", "text": "automatically alerts operators to equipment or pipeline faults", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-73072256e9e9bf03" ], "supportNote": "The article states that \"一旦发生锅炉设备故障、管网失水失压\" — as soon as a boiler fault occurs or the pipe network loses water or pressure — the system raises an alarm immediately and the command centre issues repair instructions to the heating company without delay.", "caveat": "The alarm and the instruction are described; the source gives no figures for how many faults were caught this way, how quickly they were repaired, or how the platform performed against the years before it existed.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-16b0a78405864254", "field": "impact", "text": "≈300,000 tonnes of coal", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2" ], "supportNote": "DESMI states the figure twice on the page, once as a headline above the story and once in the results list: \"Coal saving 300,000 tonnes per year.\"", "caveat": "The figure appears as a bare line in a supplier's results list, with no baseline year, no method and no indication whether it was measured after the system ran or calculated in advance. No other listed source repeats it.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-89b99d77b64362e3", "field": "impact", "text": "500,000-550,000 tonnes of CO2 saved per year at the Daoli system's 2007 completion", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2" ], "supportNote": "DESMI's results list reads \"CO2 emissions decreased 500,000-550,000 tonnes per year\", on a page whose subject is the scheme completed in 2007. Climate Action, reprinting the ABB business case, contradicts the timing rather than the number: it presents a saving of that order as a future expectation tied to full connection, \"By 2010, when all residents will be hooked up to the new system, CO2 emissions will be reduced by some 500,000 tons annually\". On that account the saving belongs to 2010 and to a fully connected network, not to the 2007 completion, and the upper bound of 550,000 tonnes appears in neither the ABB account nor anywhere else.", "caveat": "Neither source presents this as a measured result. The lower figure is described elsewhere as an expectation for 2010 once every resident was connected, and no source names the emissions baseline it is measured against.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-74818fef11727e66", "field": "impact", "text": "(ABB-reported)", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2", "src-301d02438f91c1e1" ], "supportNote": "Climate Action's article is an ABB business case — it opens \"The business case: Energy-efficient technologies are ABB's business\" and credits \"Source: WBCSD website\" — and it is there that the CO2 figure of some 500,000 tons a year appears. DESMI describes the same project as one where \"ABB provided the turnkey supply\", with DESMI as the pump supplier.", "caveat": "The attribution fits the carbon figure only in part. The coal saving and the upper bound of 550,000 tonnes appear on the page of DESMI, a pump supplier on the project, and neither source states that ABB produced or stands behind those two numbers.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-73072256e9e9bf03", "title": "Harbin Municipal Government (authority)", "url": "https://www.harbin.gov.cn/haerbin/c104842/202410/c01_1019867.shtml", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "harbin.gov.cn", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-6f2971310cd5527a", "clm-c1c25460a4c003fe" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-02", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Oct 2024 heating-season article confirming the citywide smart-heating command platform (101 boilers, 1,557 heat-exchange stations, 3,277 heat-exchange units) with automatic fault alarms.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-bfdf38b1a49d0ec2", "title": "DESMI — Harbin Daoli district heating case study (industry)", "url": "https://www.desmi.com/customer-stories/harbin-daoli-district-heating-china/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "desmi.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-1017076a8b123b86", "clm-3a148433d2715a25", "clm-3c176865a627b099", "clm-67687498722bcd50", "clm-a50ec7a13bf9339f", "clm-16b0a78405864254", "clm-89b99d77b64362e3", "clm-74818fef11727e66" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-02", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "156 automated heat-exchange stations, 17.58 million m², ~1 million residents, completed 2007 by general contractor ABB.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-301d02438f91c1e1", "title": "Climate Action — ABB in China (press)", "url": "https://www.climateaction.org/news/efficient_heat_and_power_for_one_million_people_abb_in_china", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "climateaction.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-3a148433d2715a25", "clm-3c176865a627b099", "clm-a50ec7a13bf9339f", "clm-74818fef11727e66" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2008-07-07", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-02", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Independent press corroboration of the 2007 completion, Daoli district scope, and CO2 savings figure.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 10, "claimsMapped": 10, "sourcesTotal": 3, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 3, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 1, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }