{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "frankfurt-airport-biometric-boarding", "title": "Frankfurt Airport Biometric Boarding", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/frankfurt-airport-biometric-boarding/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-22T18:04:00Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-08-04", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 4 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:fe9adb014317b11b7c51c3d3b309064db9988df2698aee45d7ac5e2518737fac", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-08-04", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:65945a256866383091faf9c64133619e307286b7c5b9ed724a4a3a8d48cdc5a5", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2020, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Fraport AG, with SITA and NEC", "actorTypes": [ "private" ], "fundingModel": "private", "fundingDescription": "Fraport AG / SITA (commercial)", "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-f5beb201c80e2517", "field": "snippet", "text": "a face can stand in for the boarding pass from check-in to the gate", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5" ], "supportNote": "The October 2023 release states plainly that under Smart Path 'your face becomes your boarding pass,' and separately lists the touchpoints where this applies as check-in, boarding-pass control and boarding gates — the same check-in-to-gate span the entry describes.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-79d15e81195cb2d1", "field": "snippet", "text": "Fraport began with Star Alliance Biometrics for Lufthansa Group passengers in 2020", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e43fa1600337a9b8" ], "supportNote": "The release dated 2020-11-17 announces that Lufthansa and SWISS — both Lufthansa Group carriers — 'will be the first to use Star Alliance Biometrics for selected flights starting in November,' with infrastructure installed at Frankfurt (and Munich).", "caveat": "The release covers both Frankfurt and Munich jointly; the Frankfurt-specific rollout is confirmed separately by a quote from Fraport's own board member, Dr. Pierre Dominique Prümm, about Frankfurt Terminal 1.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-898c09826af20b15", "field": "snippet", "text": "opened the touchpoints to passengers of all airlines in October 2023", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5" ], "supportNote": "The release, dated 2023-10-26, states: 'Frankfurt is the first airport in Europe to offer biometric touchpoints to all airline passengers' and 'SITA and Fraport are enabling all airlines at Frankfurt Airport to jointly use face biometrics.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6f22bf8df8f81ec8", "field": "snippet", "text": "running SITA's Smart Path on NEC's I:Delight identity platform", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "src-10b6f43d39989c07" ], "supportNote": "Both releases (identical joint-announcement text) describe the same layering: 'Using SITA's Smart Path biometric solution, powered by NEC' and, further down, 'SITA's biometric solution leverages the NEC I:Delight digital identity management platform' — SITA's product running on NEC's platform, matching the entry's 'Smart Path on ... I:Delight' framing.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-be3fd5d84aec73fd", "field": "snippet", "text": "Enrolment is voluntary, via the Star Alliance app or a check-in kiosk with a biometric passport", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "src-e43fa1600337a9b8" ], "supportNote": "The 2023 release describes the enrolment channels: 'Passengers can securely register in advance on their mobile device through the Star Alliance biometric app or directly at the check-in kiosk with their biometrics-enabled passports.' The 2020 release establishes the voluntary character of the underlying Star Alliance Biometrics service: members 'who opt-in to biometrics,' 'have the option to enrol,' and have 'consented to share their biometric data.'", "caveat": "Neither release uses the word 'voluntary' itself; the characterization rests on the 2020 release's repeated opt-in/consent language rather than a single direct quote.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f39fadf6c9b95343", "field": "snippet", "text": "Fraport described itself at launch as the first European airport to offer this to every airline's passengers", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5" ], "supportNote": "This is Fraport's own wording at the October 2023 launch, both in the release body ('Frankfurt is the first airport in Europe to offer biometric touchpoints to all airline passengers') and in a direct quote from Fraport's Dr. Pierre Dominique Prümm: 'We are the first European airport to offer all passengers a contactless and convenient passenger journey using biometrics.'", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0117c8e01f08f638", "field": "impact", "text": "more than 12,000 passengers were already using the biometric touchpoints at check-in, boarding-pass control and the gates when the system opened to all airlines in October 2023", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "src-10b6f43d39989c07" ], "supportNote": "Verbatim in both releases (dated 2023-10-26): 'The new technology is already in use by more than 12,000 passengers at check-in, boarding pass control and boarding gates.' This describes passengers already USING the touchpoints — a usage/adoption count — not a count of app registrations or of individual scan transactions, announced in the same release that opened the system to all airlines.", "caveat": "Neither release specifies the time window the 12,000 figure covers, or whether it is a cumulative or point-in-time count.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1ca9393269c93077", "field": "impact", "text": "That is an adoption count published by the operator at launch, not a measured effect on queueing times, and no independent evaluation of the rollout has been published since", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "src-10b6f43d39989c07" ], "supportNote": "Both the operator's and the vendor's releases present the 12,000 figure as a raw usage count with no accompanying wait-time, throughput or satisfaction measurement attached to Frankfurt specifically; the only efficiency-adjacent line is SITA CEO David Lavorel's general claim that 'more than 75 percent of passengers will gladly use' biometrics 'where introduced' — a company research finding about biometrics generally, not a measured result for this rollout. A search for independent (academic, regulatory, auditor) evaluation of the Frankfurt rollout specifically returned only further operator/vendor/press coverage repeating the same October 2023 announcement, no independent study.", "caveat": "This is an editorial assessment of the evidence landscape rather than a quoted statement; it rests on the absence of any efficiency measurement in the cited sources and on a search that surfaced no independent evaluation of this specific rollout.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9960521dff6d1e94", "field": "lesson", "text": "an airport company, an IT supplier and an airline alliance decided it, and the city has no part in it", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "src-e43fa1600337a9b8", "src-10b6f43d39989c07" ], "supportNote": "Across all three accessible releases, the only named decision-makers are Fraport AG (the airport company), SITA and NEC (the IT/technology suppliers), and Star Alliance together with member airlines Lufthansa and SWISS (the airline alliance) — e.g. the 2020 release: 'Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance, has completed development of an interoperable biometric identity and identification platform.' No city government, municipal authority, or any Frankfurt city body is named or quoted in any of the three releases.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0e2198da44662b00", "field": "lesson", "text": "Fraport's own release explains registration, the vendors and the passenger count, and says nothing about how long the biometric template is kept or when it is deleted", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b2472772cd79b8a5" ], "supportNote": "Confirmed against the full text of the October 2023 release: it covers registration (Star Alliance app or kiosk with biometric passport), the vendors (SITA's Smart Path on NEC's I:Delight platform) and the 12,000-passenger count, but contains no sentence about how long a biometric template is retained or when it is deleted.", "caveat": "The earlier 2020 release does make a general data-privacy statement — 'Storage of personal data is kept to a minimum – for example, no customer names are stored' — but it likewise gives no retention duration or deletion trigger, so it does not weaken the claim; it just shows Fraport has spoken about storage in general terms elsewhere without ever specifying a duration.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-b2472772cd79b8a5", "title": "Fraport — 'Using facial recognition, SITA and Fraport enable a contactless travel experience for all airline passengers' (operator)", "url": "https://www.fraport.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023/q4/using-facial-recognition--sita-and-fraport-enable-a-contactless-.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "fraport.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-f5beb201c80e2517", "clm-898c09826af20b15", "clm-6f22bf8df8f81ec8", "clm-be3fd5d84aec73fd", "clm-f39fadf6c9b95343", "clm-0117c8e01f08f638", "clm-1ca9393269c93077", "clm-9960521dff6d1e94", "clm-0e2198da44662b00" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-10-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "October 2023: opening to all airlines; voluntary registration via the Star Alliance biometric app or a check-in kiosk; SITA Smart Path powered by NEC I:Delight; 'more than 12,000 passengers' already using the touchpoints; the 'first airport in Europe' wording is Fraport's own.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-e43fa1600337a9b8", "title": "Fraport — 'Lufthansa Group to be first to implement Star Alliance Biometrics' (operator)", "url": "https://www.fraport.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020/q4-2020/lufthansa-group-to-be-first-to-implement-star-alliance-biometric.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "fraport.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-79d15e81195cb2d1", "clm-be3fd5d84aec73fd", "clm-9960521dff6d1e94" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2020-11-17", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "2020: the earlier, narrower phase — Star Alliance Biometrics for Lufthansa Group and Star Alliance passengers, three years before the airport-wide opening.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-10b6f43d39989c07", "title": "SITA — 'Using facial recognition, SITA and Fraport enable a contactless travel experience' (vendor)", "url": "https://www.sita.aero/pressroom/news-releases/using-facial-recognition-sita-and-fraport-enable-a-contactless-travel-experience-for-all-airline-passengers/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "sita.aero", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-6f22bf8df8f81ec8", "clm-0117c8e01f08f638", "clm-1ca9393269c93077", "clm-9960521dff6d1e94" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2023-10-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Vendor release for the same announcement; technology stack and rollout scope.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-bd471d06897d9c8b", "title": "Business Travel News Europe — 'Frankfurt airport rolls out facial recognition across all terminals' (press)", "url": "https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/Air-Travel/Frankfurt-airport-rolls-out-facial-recognition-across-all-terminals", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "businesstravelnewseurope.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-04", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Independent trade press on the October 2023 rollout.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 10, "claimsMapped": 10, "sourcesTotal": 4, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 3, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }