{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "dresden-mobishuttle", "title": "MOBIshuttle: Dresden's On-Demand Ride-Pooling Pilot", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dresden-mobishuttle/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-06-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-11-06-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-11-06T06:46:01Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-11-06", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 17 claims and 7 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:ac422aa0db5967dbd4281da4012c51963904cd9573e1e33ae68c624f7bfb3844", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-11-06", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:5080b07c98003aef4416bc90543c367511982ce39cffe9c24be9d7ec3bbc4306", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "completed", "outcome": "failed", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2022, "ended": 2024 } }, "governance": { "operator": "Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB); vehicles and drivers contracted to CleverShuttle at launch, booking platform and app by Via", "actorTypes": [ "utility", "city-government", "private" ], "fundingModel": "mixed", "fundingDescription": "Federal grant from the programme 'Digitalisierung kommunaler Verkehrssysteme' plus funds from the Free State of Saxony; the remainder carried by the DVB, supported by its parent Technische Werke Dresden and the city budget, on the basis of a city council resolution.", "cost": "€6.5 million for the two-and-a-half-year trial including vehicles and software, of which almost €3.3 million from the federal transport ministry and about €780,000 from Saxony (DVB figures reported in October 2024)", "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-aa34f31caf1e540a", "field": "snippet", "text": "Approved by the city council in December 2021", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3efe3c05c2cd9e54" ], "supportNote": "The city announced that the council decided on 16 December 2021 to introduce an on-demand service integrated into public transport as a pilot.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a401224daeaf9dc2", "field": "snippet", "text": "riders booked a shared electric van by app or phone, and routing software pooled trips with similar times and routes, without a timetable", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3efe3c05c2cd9e54", "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The city describes booking by smartphone app or phone, routing software that works out the routes, and passengers with similar times and routes riding in the same vehicle, with no timetable or fixed route; the project report confirms electric vehicles and booking via app or phone.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-5344f73c364733e3", "field": "snippet", "text": "It ran from 8 June 2022 until December 2024", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c", "src-2df25753297b6b46", "src-b82371283a8732b3" ], "supportNote": "The project report gives 8 June 2022 as the start and 31 December 2024 as the end; the audited 2024 accounts say the pilot ended in December 2024 after two and a half years.", "caveat": "The project report gives 31 December 2024 as the last day, the operator's web page 30 December 2024.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7c0ff7540788b65a", "field": "snippet", "text": "in Klotzsche, Pieschen and Neustadt, with Weixdorf added in its second year", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-3efe3c05c2cd9e54", "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The city named Neustadt, Pieschen and Klotzsche as the pilot area, with Weixdorf to be included in the second project year; the report lists all four as the test area.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9226410189fe5a5f", "field": "snippet", "text": "using up to 13 electric vehicles", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report states that up to 13 electrically powered vehicles were in service in the test area.", "caveat": "The service began with five vans, according to the operator's 2022 customer magazine.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-8b3762d55bfdd919", "field": "snippet", "text": "CleverShuttle supplied vehicles and drivers at launch and Via the platform and app", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d8306c1ce28e704d" ], "supportNote": "The operator's 2022 magazine names CleverShuttle as provider of vehicles and drivers and Via as provider of the platform and app.", "caveat": "The project report shows that the driving contract changed hands in November 2023; it does not name the new contractor in text.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-5bbaabb70a03d67d", "field": "snippet", "text": "no surcharge where the bus or tram trip took more than twice as long, a surcharge where line service was good", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report explains that the algorithm compared door-to-door travel times: where the line-service journey took more than twice as long, a public-transport gap was assumed and no comfort surcharge charged; on routes well served by tram and bus a surcharge applied, higher the better the service.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-f1111e6bb6d073c4", "field": "snippet", "text": "In 75% of trips riders paid the normal fare", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report states that in 75% of all trips users travelled at the regular VVO fare without a comfort surcharge.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-efc9609fc9907907", "field": "snippet", "text": "Operating costs averaged €12.02 per passenger, well above Dresden's bus routes", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report gives average operating costs (vehicles, energy, drivers) of €12.02 per passenger, clearly higher than on Dresden's bus routes, and says less busy areas would have meant even higher costs per passenger.", "caveat": "Operating costs only; the report gives no figure for the bus routes it compares with.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a2a299685dcf94d2", "field": "impact", "text": "In a survey of 1,486 riders, 20% said they would otherwise have used a private car and 50% a bus or tram", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report's rider survey (n=1,486) asked which mode people would have used without MOBIshuttle: 50% line services, 20% a private car, 11% taxi, the rest bike, sharing, walking or not travelling.", "caveat": "A survey of app users who chose to answer, run for the operator; it records what riders say they would have done.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-89908be8bae8b741", "field": "impact", "text": "The DVB's report credits the pilot with 110,000 avoided car trips and 97.7 tonnes of CO2 saved, without stating how it arrived at either figure", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report states that 110,000 car trips were avoided during the project and, given the electric drive, 97.7 tonnes of CO2 saved. It does not explain how either figure was calculated.", "caveat": "An operator estimate with no stated method; it is presumably derived from the rider survey, but the report does not say so.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-25c415e8e47309e2", "field": "impact", "text": "concedes that shifts away from the car could be shown only in outline", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report says that in the pilot the shift effects could be demonstrated only in outline, and that the larger effects in its outlook are the result of a model forecast.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c480c63b31d424e7", "field": "impact", "text": "The service was not continued after the pilot: the DVB says the city's strained finances did not allow it", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b82371283a8732b3", "src-349761d84a3870f1" ], "supportNote": "The operator's page states that MOBIshuttle could not be continued after the project ended because of the city's strained finances; in October 2024 a DVB spokesman told local radio the pilot had to end for lack of follow-on funding.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ad48dc5d601c6b9c", "field": "lesson", "text": "The 10-minute waiting-time goal was not met because more vehicles would have been needed than the project could afford", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report states that the target of at most 10 minutes' wait for spontaneous bookings was not reached, because it would have required more vehicles than was economically possible within the project.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fc94ae503728f94d", "field": "lesson", "text": "52% of kilometres were empty runs between bookings", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report states that 52% of the distance driven consisted of operational runs between trip orders, such as driving to pick up a passenger.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-182897f222345f73", "field": "lesson", "text": "the report reckons pooling would rise markedly from a fleet of about 50 vehicles", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report argues that with a fleet of about 50 vehicles or more and greater demand, the pooling rate would rise markedly and empty kilometres fall; it notes the pilot ran at most 13 vehicles for economic reasons.", "caveat": "The report's own expectation, supported by reference to other projects; the pilot never ran at that size.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-fd3e984166980f3f", "field": "lesson", "text": "on-demand transport alone cannot carry enough passengers at acceptable cost to shift trips away from the private car", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fafa1085935b85c" ], "supportNote": "The report's outlook states that the pilot clearly showed on-demand transport alone cannot carry passenger volumes large enough, at justifiable cost, to achieve a significant modal shift from the private car.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-3efe3c05c2cd9e54", "title": "Landeshauptstadt Dresden — Pressemitteilung: MOBIshuttle startet 2022 als Pilotprojekt (17 Dec 2021)", "url": "https://www.dresden.de/de/rathaus/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/archiv/2021/12/pm_054.php", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-aa34f31caf1e540a", "clm-a401224daeaf9dc2", "clm-7c0ff7540788b65a" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-12-17", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "City press release on the council resolution of 16 December 2021 to introduce an on-demand service integrated into public transport as a pilot, run by the DVB. Describes booking by app or phone, pooling by routing software, the dynamic surcharge that rises where line service is better, the pilot area (Neustadt, Pieschen, Klotzsche, with Weixdorf in the second year) and the planned funding: €3.25 million in federal and state grants, €3.92 million remaining for the DVB in 2022–2024.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-d8306c1ce28e704d", "title": "Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB) — bewegt! customer magazine 2/2022 (English edition): MOBIshuttles underway in the north of Dresden", "url": "https://www.dvb.de/-/media/files/die-dvb/dvbbewegt0222_engl_web_doppelseiten_korr-08-22.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dvb.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-8b3762d55bfdd919" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The DVB's customer magazine introducing the service in June 2022: five battery-electric Nissan Evalia e-NV200 vans, about 2,800 virtual stops, and the division of labour — CleverShuttle provides vehicles and drivers, Via the platform and app.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7fafa1085935b85c", "title": "Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB) — Projektbericht MOBIshuttle: Flexible Mobilität für ein lebenswertes Dresden (project report, editorial close November 2024)", "url": "https://dvb.de/-/media/files/download/mobishuttle-projektbericht.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dvb.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a401224daeaf9dc2", "clm-5344f73c364733e3", "clm-7c0ff7540788b65a", "clm-9226410189fe5a5f", "clm-5bbaabb70a03d67d", "clm-f1111e6bb6d073c4", "clm-efc9609fc9907907", "clm-a2a299685dcf94d2", "clm-89908be8bae8b741", "clm-25c415e8e47309e2", "clm-ad48dc5d601c6b9c", "clm-fc94ae503728f94d", "clm-182897f222345f73", "clm-fd3e984166980f3f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The DVB's final project report. Gives the operating period (8 June 2022 to 31 December 2024), up to 13 electric vehicles, the fare rule, ridership, a rider survey (n=1,486), operating cost of €12.02 per passenger, 52% empty kilometres, the unmet 10-minute waiting-time goal, the figures of 110,000 avoided car trips and 97.7 tonnes of CO2, and the conclusion that on-demand transport alone cannot shift trips from the car at acceptable cost. Lists the Saxon ministry for economic affairs, labour and transport as funder.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-b82371283a8732b3", "title": "Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB) — MOBIshuttle project page: Danke für Ihre Fahrt mit dem MOBIshuttle!", "url": "https://www.dvb.de/de-de/die-dvb/mobi/mobishuttle", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dvb.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-5344f73c364733e3", "clm-c480c63b31d424e7" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The DVB's page after the pilot: it ran from 8 June 2022 to 30 December 2024 in Klotzsche, Weixdorf, Pieschen and Neustadt, carried more than 350,000 passengers, was financed by the federal programme 'Digitalisierung kommunaler Verkehrssysteme', the Free State of Saxony and the city, and could not be continued because of the city's strained finances. Mentions V2X tests in which the vans influenced some test traffic lights.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-349761d84a3870f1", "title": "Radio Dresden — Goodbye MOBIshuttle: Geld für Weiterbetrieb fehlt (8 Oct 2024)", "url": "https://www.radiodresden.de/beitrag/goodbye-mobishuttle-geld-fuer-weiterbetrieb-fehlt-843143/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "radiodresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-c480c63b31d424e7" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-10-08", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Local radio report that the pilot ends at the close of 2024 for lack of follow-on funding, quoting DVB spokesman Falk Lösch. Gives total trial cost of €6.5 million including vehicles and software, almost €3.3 million from the federal transport ministry and about €780,000 from Saxony, and daily riders rising from almost 100 to about 550.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-1bc0b58d617bab42", "title": "Radio Dresden — Dresdner wollen MOBIshuttles retten (16 Nov 2024)", "url": "https://www.radiodresden.de/beitrag/dresdner-wollen-mobishuttles-retten-847108/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "radiodresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-11-16", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Local radio report on a change.org petition, then signed by around 1,500 people, asking the city and the Free State to fund the service beyond 2024; says it is being ended for cost reasons.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-2df25753297b6b46", "title": "Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB) — Jahresabschluss und Lagebericht 2024 mit Bestätigungsvermerk", "url": "https://www.dvb.de/-/media/files/dvb-jahresabschluss-2024-testat.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dvb.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-5344f73c364733e3" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-05-16", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The DVB's audited 2024 annual accounts and management report. States that the MOBIshuttle pilot ended in December 2024 after two and a half years.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 17, "claimsMapped": 17, "sourcesTotal": 7, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }