{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "dresden-mobibike", "title": "MOBIbike: Dresden's Public Bike-Share Run by nextbike", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dresden-mobibike/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-06-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-11-06-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-11-06T06:45:58Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-11-06", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 14 claims and 8 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:8dde000c716e398389268467a9f0e4a5af9d8a31c2564b70bfb7de41be5d23c9", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-11-06", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:dc63fe7081e2b8a64a9a0505d1a763f31cfb2546d431694e5774f062864cc956", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2020, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "nextbike GmbH, for the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB), which runs MOBIbike on behalf of the City of Dresden", "actorTypes": [ "city-government", "utility", "private" ], "fundingModel": "mixed", "fundingDescription": "A city system run by the DVB on the city's behalf; riders pay fares or the Plus MOBI add-on (8 euros a month with a Deutschlandticket), and students at TU Dresden paid a 5-euro semester surcharge under the 2021 agreement. The city's payment to the DVB or nextbike is not published.", "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-06fda3fa77164c79", "field": "snippet", "text": "which the city counts as its own system", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city calls MOBIbike its municipal system and, in its rules for sharing operators, exempts it from fees because it is a municipal system.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-ef88f4ec170ae778", "field": "snippet", "text": "since August 2020 the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe have run it on the city's behalf", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city says the municipal MOBIbike system has been run by the DVB on the city's behalf since August 2020.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-6b375ffb9e0d9f6b", "field": "snippet", "text": "with nextbike as the operator named in the city's rules", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city's rules table for sharing systems lists nextbike as the current operator of MOBIbike, with market access by a special-use permit after a tender.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-5f7fbdef3ff9f717", "field": "snippet", "text": "and in the system's live data feed", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-1e2ae541e3d0b057" ], "supportNote": "The GBFS system information for MOBIbike names nextbike GmbH in Leipzig as operator.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-71f1383bcacad6f1", "field": "snippet", "text": "It started on 17 August 2020 with 1,000 bikes, replacing the earlier sz-bike", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-7fc6d5fc1253936c" ], "supportNote": "The university's launch notice says MOBIbike replaces sz-bike, doubles the number of bikes in Dresden to 1,000, and starts on Monday 17 August 2020.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-b00cc5c56b354a60", "field": "snippet", "text": "had about 2,000 bikes in July 2025", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city gives about 2,000 bikes as of July 2025.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-91763820e8a2d6cb", "field": "snippet", "text": "Holders of a DVB subscription or a Deutschlandticket with the MOBI add-on ride the first 30 minutes free", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city says holders of a DVB subscription or a Deutschlandticket who have booked the MOBI add-on can use a MOBIbike free for up to 30 minutes, several times a day.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-b23f31acb1e56eb6", "field": "snippet", "text": "Stations and bikes are published as a GBFS feed under a CC0 licence", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-1e2ae541e3d0b057" ], "supportNote": "The feed's system information sets the licence to CC0-1.0, and the feed index lists station information and status and free-bike status.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-52e1e3d773001648", "field": "snippet", "text": "According to the DVB, rentals rose from 780,800 in 2021 to 2,076,300 in 2024", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0f4c46005aad2aa4" ], "supportNote": "A chart in the brochure, sourced to the DVB, gives 780,800 MOBIbike rentals in 2021 and 2,076,300 in 2024. The figures sit only in the chart graphic, so there is no text passage to mark.", "caveat": "These are rentals, a measure of use. A year after launch the DVB reported almost 800,000 rentals for the first twelve months.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2b3677ad32cb0bae", "field": "snippet", "text": "Since August 2025 commercial e-bike and e-scooter providers compete on the same streets", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-da011fd9eb59a311" ], "supportNote": "The city says new commercial e-bike and e-scooter offers have been available since August 2025 as an alternative to MOBIbike, with up to 3,000 e-bikes and 2,500 e-scooters allowed in total.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e9f7132cf6984642", "field": "lesson", "text": "In a 2025 pilot half-funded by the transport association VVO", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-239760057d377afd" ], "supportNote": "The VVO says the pilot cost about 16,000 euros per town, half of which it bore.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-cdc7b08a83c04701", "field": "lesson", "text": "Heidenau averaged 16 rentals a day at its 14 stations and kept the scheme", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-239760057d377afd" ], "supportNote": "The VVO reports an average of 16 rentals a day at Heidenau's 14 stations and says Heidenau decided to continue the project.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-22f42b13fa7ac604", "field": "lesson", "text": "Freital averaged only seven rentals a day, saw little change after its network grew from seven to twelve stations, and ended the pilot at the end of the year", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-239760057d377afd" ], "supportNote": "The VVO reports that Freital averaged only seven rentals a day, that expanding its network from seven to twelve stations had hardly any effect on use, and that Freital ends the pilot at the end of the year.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-13ab3801feeac50e", "field": "lesson", "text": "the published figures do not say which journeys the bikes replaced", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0f4c46005aad2aa4", "src-1b1f4618c7a9d078" ], "supportNote": "Both the DVB's annual rental figures and its first-year figure count rentals and trip time; neither says what mode the trips replaced. This is a statement about what the figures contain, so there is no single passage to mark.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-da011fd9eb59a311", "title": "Landeshauptstadt Dresden — Multimobil & Sharing (city mobility page)", "url": "https://www.dresden.de/de/stadtraum/verkehr/sharing.php", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-06fda3fa77164c79", "clm-ef88f4ec170ae778", "clm-6b375ffb9e0d9f6b", "clm-b00cc5c56b354a60", "clm-91763820e8a2d6cb", "clm-2b3677ad32cb0bae" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city's standing page on sharing. It says the municipal MOBIbike system has been run by the DVB on the city's behalf since August 2020, with about 2,000 bikes as of July 2025, and that DVB subscribers and Deutschlandticket holders with the MOBI add-on ride up to 30 minutes free. Its rules table lists nextbike as the current operator, one operator chosen by tender, and no fee because it is a municipal system; it also lists the commercial e-bike and e-scooter providers admitted since August 2025.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-7fc6d5fc1253936c", "title": "TU Dresden — Aus sz-bike wird MOBIbike (14 Aug 2020)", "url": "https://tu-dresden.de/tu-dresden/arbeiten-an-der-tud/arbeitsschutz-umwelt/news/aus-sz-bike-wird-mobibike", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tu-dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-71f1383bcacad6f1" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2020-08-14", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "University news item on the launch: MOBIbike, run by nextbike and the DVB, replaces sz-bike, doubles the number of bikes in Dresden to 1,000 and starts on Monday 17 August 2020, with bikes available at 14 MOBIpunkte, return streets and a flex zone.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-1b1f4618c7a9d078", "title": "TU Dresden — DVB und TUD-Studierendenrat schließen Vereinbarung über MOBIbike-Nutzung (28 Sep 2021)", "url": "https://tu-dresden.de/tu-dresden/universitaetskultur/news/dvb-und-tud-studierendenrat-schliessen-vereinbarung-ueber-mobibike-nutzung", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "tu-dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-13ab3801feeac50e" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-09-28", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "University news item on the student agreement with the DVB, under which students pay a 5-euro surcharge per semester for 30 free minutes a trip. It quotes the DVB board's one-year figure: the 1,000 yellow bikes were rented almost 800,000 times within the first year.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-1e2ae541e3d0b057", "title": "nextbike GmbH — MOBIbike GBFS feed, system information", "url": "https://gbfs.nextbike.net/maps/gbfs/v2/nextbike_dx/de/system_information.json", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "gbfs.nextbike.net", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-5f7fbdef3ff9f717", "clm-b23f31acb1e56eb6" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Machine-readable system information of the MOBIbike GBFS feed. It names the system MOBIbike, gives nextbike GmbH in Leipzig as operator and sets the licence to CC0-1.0; the feed index lists station information, station status, free-bike status and geofencing zones.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-0f4c46005aad2aa4", "title": "Landeshauptstadt Dresden, DVB and VVO — Mobilität in Dresden und Umgebung: Ergebnisse aus der Verkehrserhebung SrV 2023 (brochure, March 2026)", "url": "https://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/verkehr/SrV2023_Broschuere_final_Internet.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-52e1e3d773001648", "clm-13ab3801feeac50e" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Joint brochure of the city, the DVB and the transport association VVO on the 2023 household travel survey. A chart sourced to the DVB gives annual MOBIbike rentals: 780,800 in 2021, 1,461,300 in 2022, 1,958,100 in 2023 and 2,076,300 in 2024.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-37df9834c9df0a24", "title": "MOBI Dresden (DVB) — MOBIbike page", "url": "https://www.mobi-dresden.de/de-de/mobibike", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "mobi-dresden.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": null, "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "record-date-only" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The DVB's MOBIbike page: rental by QR code in the nextbike app, free return at MOBIpunkte, stations and marked streets, a 1-euro surcharge in the yellow zone, and the Plus MOBI add-on for 8 euros a month on top of a Deutschlandticket or BildungsTicket. Riders may also return bikes in Heidenau.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-aa27cb37f5e5200b", "title": "Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO) — Ab 3. März: Bikesharing in Freital und Heidenau (3 Feb 2025)", "url": "https://old.vvo-online.de/doc/pm/250203_PI_Bikesharing.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "old.vvo-online.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-02-03", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Press release announcing a bike-share pilot in Freital and Heidenau from 3 March 2025 with the VVO and nextbike, 25 bikes per town, at a cost of 16,000 euros per town of which the VVO bears half.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-239760057d377afd", "title": "Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO) — Gemischte Bilanz für Bikesharing in Freital und Heidenau (19 Dec 2025)", "url": "https://old.vvo-online.de/doc/pm/251219_PI_Bikesharing.pdf", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "old.vvo-online.de", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "pdf", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-e9f7132cf6984642", "clm-cdc7b08a83c04701", "clm-22f42b13fa7ac604" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-12-19", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-06", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-06", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Press release on the pilot's results: Heidenau averaged 16 rentals a day at 14 stations, with up to 47 on peak days in October, and continues; Freital averaged only seven a day, saw little effect from expanding from seven to twelve stations, and ends the pilot at the end of the year.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 14, "claimsMapped": 14, "sourcesTotal": 8, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }