{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "delhi-electric-bus-fleet", "title": "DTC Electric Bus Fleet & DEVi Feeder Service", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/delhi-electric-bus-fleet/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-28-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-28-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-27T00:50:50Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 8 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:c94ce2390b6507c47350c9521ed638ed54ba9a229982dca9527d14ae35c99f27", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-07-26", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:f9e21e3db2ddb1e6d7ffdbb1d3b9b5432add60f7af460699a6bbb860f581db3e", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "official", "timeline": { "started": 2022, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), with buses supplied, operated and maintained by private operators under gross cost contracts; DIMTS operates most of the DEVi feeder fleet", "actorTypes": [ "utility", "private" ], "fundingModel": "ppp", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-168fde1d8ee19deb", "field": "snippet", "text": "Delhi Transport Corporation ran its first electric bus in January 2022", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-5267f9882fa6e0b9" ], "supportNote": "The Week, carrying the PTI wire of 17 January 2022: the first e-bus in the DTC fleet was flagged off on route E-44 from the Indraprastha depot, the first of a batch of 300, and no new bus had been procured by DTC since 2011.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-552141242b99d5f3", "field": "snippet", "text": "had 4,538 of roughly 6,300 buses electric by April 2026", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-21c083785bf10350" ], "supportNote": "electrive, 20 April 2026: of about 6,300 DTC buses, 4,538 are electric and 1,759 run on CNG.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-59e19d53ca69c1c5", "field": "snippet", "text": "procured under 12-year gross cost contracts in which private operators own, run and maintain the vehicles while DTC pays per kilometre", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e58566502131c338" ], "supportNote": "Motor India on the CESL Grand Challenge order: Tata Motors will supply, operate and maintain air-conditioned low-floor 12-metre electric buses for 12 years under the contract — the supplier keeps the asset and the operating duty rather than selling the buses to the city.", "caveat": "The per-kilometre payment is the standing form of a gross cost contract; the sources describe the supply-operate-maintain duty and the twelve-year term, not the tariff itself, which has not been published.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1e634dcca23637f9", "field": "snippet", "text": "Since May 2025 the 9-metre DEVi feeder service has linked narrow residential streets to metro stations and bus terminals", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-58a4cb747c6ddd6d", "src-8aeee331dfc5d85f" ], "supportNote": "Prasar Bharati's state broadcaster: 400 DEVi buses — the Delhi Electric Vehicle Interconnector — flagged off on 2 May 2025 for last-mile links between bus terminals and metro stations. ETV Bharat: the buses are nine metres long, reach narrow residential streets, run routes of up to 12 km, and 30 are operated by DTC with 370 by DIMTS.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-132e79eaeb363146", "field": "snippet", "text": "Only 80 of 148 planned DEVi routes were running in May 2026, at headways of 20 to 30 minutes against a 5 to 10 minute design target", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8968f1d78f6b99fc" ], "supportNote": "ThePrint's ground report of 26 May 2026: out of 148 new routes, DEVi buses are only on 80, and the average frequency according to DTC is 20-30 minutes against the intended five to ten.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-26d5fc6a5dce2720", "field": "impact", "text": "4,538 of DTC's roughly 6,300 buses were electric by April 2026, up from a single electric bus in January 2022; 1,759 of the rest run on CNG", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-21c083785bf10350", "src-5267f9882fa6e0b9" ], "supportNote": "electrive gives the April 2026 composition — 4,538 electric and 1,759 CNG of about 6,300 — and the PTI wire dates the first single electric bus to 17 January 2022.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0853cd34b591b9d5", "field": "impact", "text": "in the decade to 2021-22 the corporation inducted two buses in total and its fleet fell from 4,344 to 3,937, against a September 2007 High Court direction to reach 11,000 by March 2009", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-6d89c16cb182b5e9" ], "supportNote": "ThePrint on the Comptroller and Auditor General's performance audit: DTC inducted only two buses between 2011-12 and 2021-22; the fleet declined from 4,344 buses in 2015-16 to 3,937 by 2022-23; and in September 2007 the Delhi High Court had directed the government to raise the city bus fleet to 11,000 by March 2009.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-918ffce9884d66b9", "field": "impact", "text": "80 of 148 planned DEVi routes were running in May 2026, at headways of 20 to 30 minutes against a 5 to 10 minute design target, and DTC's managing director says the overall number of commuters has not substantially increased since it launched", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8968f1d78f6b99fc" ], "supportNote": "ThePrint's ground report: 80 of 148 routes served, a DTC-stated average frequency of 20-30 minutes against a five-to-ten-minute intent, and managing director Jitendra Yadav saying the overall number of commuters using DTC is the same, with no substantial increase since the DEVi buses launched.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-d07bf50b4058856d", "field": "lesson", "text": "The corporation that put two buses on the road in the decade to 2021-22, while its accumulated losses grew from 25,299.87 crore rupees in 2015-16 to 60,741.03 crore", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-6d89c16cb182b5e9" ], "supportNote": "The same audit reporting: two buses inducted between 2011-12 and 2021-22, and accumulated losses rising from Rs 25,299.87 crore in 2015-16 to Rs 60,741.03 crore in 2021-22.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c2d414d460ad5122", "field": "lesson", "text": "private operators own, run and maintain the vehicles under twelve-year contracts and the corporation pays them by the kilometre", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-e58566502131c338" ], "supportNote": "Motor India: under the CESL Grand Challenge contract the manufacturer supplies, operates and maintains the buses for twelve years — the arrangement the entry describes, in which the city buys running kilometres rather than vehicles.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-591da2e3db94439b", "field": "lesson", "text": "The feeder routes were designed from commuter and transport data by IIT Delhi, and the nine-metre buses do reach streets a twelve-metre bus cannot — but they come every 20 to 30 minutes instead of every five to ten, and by the corporation's own account ridership has not moved", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-8968f1d78f6b99fc", "src-8aeee331dfc5d85f" ], "supportNote": "ThePrint: IIT Delhi used commuter and transport data to design the DEVi routes; the average frequency is 20-30 minutes against a five-to-ten-minute target; and the managing director says commuter numbers are unchanged. ETV Bharat describes the nine-metre buses reaching narrow residential streets that main-road services do not serve.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-5267f9882fa6e0b9", "title": "The Week / PTI — DTC's first electric bus flagged off (17 Jan 2022)", "url": "https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/01/17/des22-dl-kejriwal-ebus.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "theweek.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-168fde1d8ee19deb", "clm-26d5fc6a5dce2720" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-01-17", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Start date: first DTC e-bus on route E-44 from Indraprastha depot; DTC's first new bus procurement since 2011.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-e58566502131c338", "title": "Motor India — Tata Motors bags DTC order for 1,500 e-buses under CESL tender (22 Jul 2022)", "url": "https://www.motorindiaonline.in/tata-motors-bags-dtc-order-for-1500-e-buses-under-cesl-tender/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "motorindiaonline.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-59e19d53ca69c1c5", "clm-c2d414d460ad5122" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-07-22", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Procurement model: supply, operate and maintain 1,500 AC low-floor 12 m buses for 12 years under the CESL Grand Challenge tender — a gross cost contract, not a city purchase.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-58a4cb747c6ddd6d", "title": "Prasar Bharati News on Air — 400 DEVi e-buses flagged off (2 May 2025)", "url": "https://www.newsonair.gov.in/union-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-delhi-cm-flag-off-400-devi-e-buses-to-boost-last-mile-connectivity/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "newsonair.gov.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-1e634dcca23637f9" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-05-02", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "State broadcaster: DEVi is the Delhi Electric Vehicle Interconnector; 400 buses for last-mile links between bus terminals and metro stations.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-8aeee331dfc5d85f", "title": "ETV Bharat — Inside Delhi's DEVi electric bus (2 May 2025)", "url": "https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/delhi-devi-yojana-launch-electric-buses-for-last-mile-transportation-know-route-features-enn25050200689", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "etvbharat.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-1e634dcca23637f9", "clm-591da2e3db94439b" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-05-02", "updatedAt": "2025-05-03", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "DEVi specifics: 9 m buses, 30 operated by DTC and 370 by DIMTS, trips up to 12 km, fares 10-25 rupees.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-75f9e99c4a2727c7", "title": "ThePrint — Delhi gets 500 new electric buses, DTC EV fleet crosses 4,000 (8 Feb 2026)", "url": "https://theprint.in/india/delhi-gets-500-new-electric-buses-dtc-ev-fleet-crosses-4000/2849506/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "theprint.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "background", "claimRefs": [], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-02-08", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Milestone of 4,000+ e-buses; also the source of the Chief Minister's 'largest e-bus fleet in the country' claim, which is a political statement and is deliberately not used in this entry.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-21c083785bf10350", "title": "electrive — Delhi Transport Corporation flags off 200 electric buses (20 Apr 2026)", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/04/20/india-delhi-transport-corporation-flags-off-200-electric-buses/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "electrive.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-552141242b99d5f3", "clm-26d5fc6a5dce2720" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-04-20", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Fleet composition (4,538 electric of about 6,300 DTC buses), size mix, and the East Vinod Nagar depot charging station (30 points, 240 kW).", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-6d89c16cb182b5e9", "title": "ThePrint — DTC inducted just 2 buses in the decade between FY12 and FY22, shows CAG report (27 Mar 2025)", "url": "https://theprint.in/india/dtc-inducted-just-2-buses-in-decade-between-fy12-fy22-despite-availability-of-funds-shows-cag-report/2566431/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "theprint.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-0853cd34b591b9d5", "clm-d07bf50b4058856d" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-03-27", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Counterweight: CAG performance audit; the fleet fell from 4,344 to 3,937 buses, against a September 2007 Delhi High Court direction to reach 11,000 by March 2009.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-8968f1d78f6b99fc", "title": "ThePrint ground report — Delhi's DEVi buses can revolutionise neighbourhood mobility. Fix frequency first (26 May 2026)", "url": "https://theprint.in/ground-reports/delhis-devi-buses-can-revolutionise-neighbourhood-mobility-fix-frequency-first/2941380/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "theprint.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-132e79eaeb363146", "clm-918ffce9884d66b9", "clm-591da2e3db94439b" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-05-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Counterweight: 80 of 148 IIT-Delhi-designed DEVi routes operational, headways of 20-30 minutes against a 5-10 minute design target, DTC daily ridership broadly flat over five years.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 11, "claimsMapped": 11, "sourcesTotal": 8, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 7, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }