{
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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "copenhagen-leanheat-ai-heating",
  "title": "AI-Driven Demand Response for Copenhagen's District Heating",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-leanheat-ai-heating/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-21-unsourced-text-correction",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-21-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-21T23:30:00Z",
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   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 14 claims and 3 source dossiers.",
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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     "status": "unreviewed",
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     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "succeeded",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2023,
      "ended": null
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    "governance": {
     "operator": "HOFOR & Danfoss (Leanheat)",
     "actorTypes": [
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    },
    "claims": [
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      "id": "clm-ac673c56a1a19d4b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "HOFOR and Danfoss use AI-based predictive control (Leanheat) to shift heat demand in Copenhagen buildings",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-de805229232d7a15",
       "src-e3bdeb3de90cf2c0"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The DBDH trade article names all three actors and the mechanism: \"HOFOR (district heating utility), Copenhagen City Properties & Procurement (Municipality's building department), and Danfoss are currently testing the potential of minimizing peak heating demand\", and describes the control layer as \"Leanheat's AI learns how the building's thermal mass reacts to ambient conditions and evaluates the flexibility potential based on the forecasted weather and set comfort requirements\". Demand shifting is stated as \"charging and discharging the thermal energy in the building mass\". The Danfoss press release confirms the corporate partnership and calls the product a solution that \"combines cutting-edge technology, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to optimize energy consumption\".",
      "caveat": "The Danfoss release describes the software only as combining data analytics and artificial intelligence; the words \"predictive control\" come from the DBDH sources, not from Danfoss.",
      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-1daae3fc3ba24f4f",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A 2021/22 pilot on 17 municipal buildings",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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       "src-de805229232d7a15"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: \"The first part of the demonstration took place during the heating season 2021/2022 and included 17 municipal buildings (mainly daycare centers).\" Both the season and the building count match the entry exactly.",
      "caveat": "The source calls it the first part of a demonstration rather than a pilot, and specifies the buildings were mainly daycare centres.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-e616dcd48c989ce9",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "cut morning peak load up to 22%",
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      "supportNote": "The source reports two distinct reduction figures for the pilot: \"the average morning peak decreased by 14%, compared with the average peak consumption before the implementation of the smart control\" and \"The maximum peak power has decreased from 27.5 kW/building to 21.5 kW/building (-22%).\" The 22% is the second of these. The source states the basis of the comparison: \"The calculation compares the highest peak during load shifting to the highest measured peak in the previous heating season at the same outdoor conditions.\" It also labels these \"the initial results of the demonstrations for the cluster of 17 buildings\".",
      "caveat": "The source attaches 22% to maximum peak power per building, not to the morning peak; the figure it gives for the morning peak is 14%. The entry's phrase joins the morning-peak framing to the maximum-peak number. The reported reductions are initial results comparing single highest peaks across two heating seasons at matched outdoor conditions, not a full-season average.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-392337653ded5929",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A 2023-launched rollout",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The press release is dated 20 November 2023 and states: \"This first project is scheduled to commence during the heating season 2023/24 and run until 2026.\" It sets the scope as reaching \"up to 700 buildings within HOFOR's network\".",
      "caveat": "The release announces a project scheduled to commence in the 2023/24 heating season; it does not report a rollout already under way in 2023, and its stated target is up to 700 buildings, not the 140 the entry reports.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-8c4e19c8d3cc5c39",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "now covers 140 buildings from 20 owners",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: \"So far, the project has proven quite successful, being able to activate up to around 8 MW of flexibility through voluntary agreements with 20 large building owners and 140 buildings.\" Both counts match the entry.",
      "caveat": "This 2025 article describes HOFOR's flexumer proof-of-concept; neither it nor the Danfoss release states that this is the same project the 2023 release announced.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-c8b1fee4ae8bf46b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "activating about 8 MW of flexible capacity",
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      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: \"being able to activate up to around 8 MW of flexibility through voluntary agreements\". The article adds that the system benefits are to be tested \"during the heating season of 2025/2026\".",
      "caveat": "The source says up to around 8 MW can be activated — a ceiling of available flexibility, not a measured average of capacity actually dispatched.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "averaging 5% energy savings",
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2025 trade article reports a realised figure: \"they have, on average, realized a 5 % energy savings since the beginning of 2025 by accessing an online predictive control system for their district heating substations, utilizing weather forecasts as part of the POC.\" The 2023 Danfoss release had forecast the same number in advance, as \"anticipated savings of an average of 5 %\".",
      "caveat": "Both figures are the operators' own reporting; no independent evaluation is cited. The Danfoss number is an expectation stated before the project began, the DBDH number a self-reported result covering only 2025.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-40c1b72698a3e06b",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "2021/22 pilot cut the maximum peak heat load up to 22%",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The source dates the demonstration to \"the heating season 2021/2022\" and reports \"The maximum peak power has decreased from 27.5 kW/building to 21.5 kW/building (-22%)\", alongside a separate figure that \"the average morning peak decreased by 14%\". The source states the basis of the comparison: \"The calculation compares the highest peak during load shifting to the highest measured peak in the previous heating season at the same outdoor conditions.\" It also labels these \"the initial results of the demonstrations for the cluster of 17 buildings\".",
      "caveat": "The 22% belongs to maximum peak power (27.5 to 21.5 kW per building); the entry no longer attributes it to the morning peak.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "across 17 municipal buildings",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: \"The first part of the demonstration took place during the heating season 2021/2022 and included 17 municipal buildings (mainly daycare centers).\"",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the 2023 rollout",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Danfoss announced the HOFOR partnership on 20 November 2023, stating that \"This first project is scheduled to commence during the heating season 2023/24 and run until 2026\" and would reach \"up to 700 buildings within HOFOR's network\".",
      "caveat": "2023 is the year of the announcement; the release schedules the start for the 2023/24 heating season and names a target of up to 700 buildings.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "covers 140 buildings/20 owners as of October 2025",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The article, published 21/10/2025, states: \"So far, the project has proven quite successful, being able to activate up to around 8 MW of flexibility through voluntary agreements with 20 large building owners and 140 buildings.\"",
      "caveat": "October 2025 is the article's publication date, not an as-of date stated in the text; the article says only \"so far\". It also describes the arrangement as a proof-of-concept, with system benefits still to be tested in the 2025/2026 heating season.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-26e8e7017876f064",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "activating ~8 MW of flexible capacity",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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       "src-9b8d2fb4ad1ee716"
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim: \"being able to activate up to around 8 MW of flexibility through voluntary agreements with 20 large building owners and 140 buildings.\"",
      "caveat": "The source states an upper bound of activatable flexibility, not a measured quantity dispatched.",
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       "added": false,
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "averaging 5% energy savings",
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      "supportNote": "Verbatim from the 2025 article: \"they have, on average, realized a 5 % energy savings since the beginning of 2025 by accessing an online predictive control system for their district heating substations, utilizing weather forecasts as part of the POC.\" The 2023 Danfoss release names the same figure prospectively: \"anticipated savings of an average of 5 %\".",
      "caveat": "Operator-reported in both cases, with no independent evaluation cited; the DBDH figure covers only the period since the beginning of 2025, and the Danfoss figure is an expectation stated before the project started.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-aeacbd15407fa867",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the morning peak specifically by 14%",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The same source gives 14% for the morning peak specifically, next to the 22% for maximum peak power — the two figures the entry previously conflated.",
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     {
      "id": "src-e3bdeb3de90cf2c0",
      "title": "Danfoss — Danfoss and HOFOR partner to maximize building energy efficiency with AI-powered Leanheat solution",
      "url": "https://www.danfoss.com/en/about-danfoss/news/dhs/danfoss-and-hofor-partner-to-maximize-building-energy-efficiency-with-ai-powered-leanheat-solution/",
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      "title": "DBDH Hot|Cool — From Consumer to Flexumer",
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       "value": "Danish District Heating Association trade journal, 2025-10-21 — current status: 140 buildings, 20 owners, ~8 MW flexibility, 5% savings.",
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      "title": "DBDH — Exploiting the Power of Digitalization and AI for End-to-End Optimization of the DH System",
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       "value": "Trade press, 2023-07-07 — 2021/22 municipal-building pilot results (14%/22% peak reduction).",
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    "coverage": {
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     "claimsMapped": 14,
     "sourcesTotal": 3,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 3,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 0,
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    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
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   }
  },
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   "createdAt": "2026-08-21T23:46:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-23",
   "changeType": "correction",
   "summary": "Corrected a figure conflation in the snippet that the impact field already carried: the 22% belongs to maximum peak power, the morning-peak value is 14%.",
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    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
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     "path": "/snapshot/projectFingerprint",
     "summary": "Updated projectFingerprint to the current sourced project record."
    },
    {
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     "path": "/snapshot/claims",
     "summary": "Updated claims to the current sourced project record."
    },
    {
     "operation": "replace",
     "path": "/snapshot/sources",
     "summary": "Updated sources to the current sourced project record."
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   "snapshot": {
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    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:0ce4c3fc81d5f309bec738871174c05b4124db6d0206fa663eb9936cd29a2b5f",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
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    "projectState": {
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     "outcome": "succeeded",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
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    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "HOFOR & Danfoss (Leanheat)",
     "actorTypes": [
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    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-ac673c56a1a19d4b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "HOFOR and Danfoss use AI-based predictive control (Leanheat) to shift heat demand in Copenhagen buildings",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The DBDH trade article names all three actors and the mechanism: \"HOFOR (district heating utility), Copenhagen City Properties & Procurement (Municipality's building department), and Danfoss are currently testing the potential of minimizing peak heating demand\", and describes the control layer as \"Leanheat's AI learns how the building's thermal mass reacts to ambient conditions and evaluates the flexibility potential based on the forecasted weather and set comfort requirements\". Demand shifting is stated as \"charging and discharging the thermal energy in the building mass\". The Danfoss press release confirms the corporate partnership and calls the product a solution that \"combines cutting-edge technology, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to optimize energy consumption\".",
      "caveat": "The Danfoss release describes the software only as combining data analytics and artificial intelligence; the words \"predictive control\" come from the DBDH sources, not from Danfoss.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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      "text": "A 2021/22 pilot on 17 municipal buildings",
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      "text": "cut the maximum peak load up to 22%, and the morning peak by 14%",
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}